KULIAH-03

Agregat (batuan)

Aggregate is the term used to describe rock used for road making and
refers to an assembly of discrete particles (i.e. pieces of rock).

Suatu bahan yang terdiri dari mineral padat, berupa

massa berukuran besar, ataupun berupa fragmenfragmen. (ASTM 1974)
Agregat merupakan komponen utama perkerasan
jalan 90-95% berat, atau 75-85% volume.
Daya dukung, keawetan dan kualitas lapis perkerasan
ditentukan oleh sifat agregat dan hasil campuran
antara agregat dengan material lain.
Klasifikasi agregat:
Berdasarkan proses terjadinya
Berdasarkan proses pengolahannya
Berdasarkan ukuran butirnya.

Sediment

Rock Cycle
Each type can be formed from any other
Weathering,
transport, and
deposition

IGNEOUS
ROCK

Cementation and compaction

Heat and
pressure
(metamorphism)

Weathering,
transport,
and
deposition

Cooling and
Solidification
(crystallization)

SEDIMENTARY
ROCK

Heat and
pressure
(metamorphism)

Melting
Magma
(molten rock)

METAMORPHIC
ROCK

Weathering breaks down

rocks.
igneous rocks
basalt
volcano

transportation
and deposition

Rocks rise
to the surface by
uplift and erosion.

sea
Magma
rises to
the surface
where it
cools rapidly.

sedimentary rocks
mudstone

igneous rocks
granite

slow solidification

high pressure
and temperature

metamorphic rocks slate and

marble
magma

melt

limestone
limestone

chalk

sandstone

sandstone

Sandstone is

an orangey-coloured rock which looks like lots of sand grains stuck together. It
is quite soft.

Limestone is

a grey/white rock which is mostly made from crushed sea shells. Limestone
often contains fossils.

Chalk is

a white or grey powdery rock with very fine grains. Chalk often contains
fossils.

What are the properties of sedimentary rocks?

Sedimentary rocks often have layers showing the deposition
of sediment at different time periods.

Sedimentary rocks consist of lots of small grains. These grains

may be weakly held together so the rocks are often porous
and may be soft and crumbly.

Sedimentary rocks often have fossils trapped within them.

Sedimentary rocks consist of layers of lots of

small particles and are often porous.

Ciri-ciri batuan sedimen adalah:

(1). Berlapis (stratification),
(2) Mengandung fosil,
(3) Memiliki struktur sedimen,

(4). Tersusun dari fragmen butiran hasil

transportasi.

Why are sedimentary rocks near the surface younger than sedimentary rocks deeper
down?

Some sedimentary rocks are formed by the cementation of sediment.

slow
water

cementation

pressure

sedimentation

fast-flowing
water

Weathering creates small rock fragments which

are transported to the sea where they are
deposited (sink) and form a sediment.

At this stage, dead creatures may become

trapped within the sediment and give rise
to fossils.

Over millions of years, the pressure of layers above and the

effects of salts cement the sediment together. This is
how sedimentary rocks like sandstone,

mudstone and limestone are formed.

These limestone rocks at Punakaiki in New Zealand are known as the Pancake Rocks.
How were they formed?

Sedimentary rocks can also be formed from minerals which are left behind
when water evaporates.

evaporation

dissolved
minerals

Certain minerals are dissolved in seas and

lakes.

Over millions of years these seas or lakes dry

up.

As the water disappears, the dissolved

minerals precipitate.

Chalk and limestone, common in the UK,

can be formed in this way.

precipitation

marble

slate

Marble is

...a hard smooth rock made from sedimentary limestone or chalk in conditions of
strong heat and low pressure.

Slate is

a grey rock with fine grains made from sedimentary shale in conditions of low
temperature and low pressure. Slate can be split into thin sheets.

How are the properties of metamorphic rocks different from sedimentary rocks?

Metamorphic rocks often have layer structures of crystals caused by the effect of
heat and pressure.
Metamorphic rocks are usually denser and harder than sedimentary rocks.

Metamorphic rocks sometimes show distortions caused by the movements that

led to their formation. This may give rise to wavy or zig-zag patterns within the
rock.

Metamorphic rocks contain regular layers of crystals

that sometimes have a wavy or zig-zag arrangement.

granite

basalt

pumice

Granite is

a hard grey rock consisting of large crystals that are randomly arranged.

Pumice is

a pale grey rock made up of very small crystals and is porous and extremely
light.

Basalt is

a dark glassy rock which has very fine crystals and often forms as columns of
rock.

What are the properties of igneous rocks?

Igneous rocks contain interlocking crystals which are held together very strongly
and make the rock hard.
The crystals in igneous rocks have a disorderly arrangement.

The size of the crystals depends on how quickly the igneous rock solidifies.

Igneous rocks never contain fossils.

Igneous rocks consist of randomly arranged interlocking

crystals.

How are igneous rocks formed?

Deep in the ground is molten rock called magma. Sometimes, magma bursts through the
surface causing volcanic extrusive
eruptions.igneous
rock
Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools and solidifies.

intrusive
igneous rock

magma

When magma cools

above the surface,
extrusive igneous
rocks are formed.
When magma cools
below the surface,
intrusive igneous
rocks are formed.

How is the size of crystals in igneous rocks determined by the rate at which magma
cools and solidifies?
Magma above the Earths surface cools quickly. Only
small crystals are formed as the magma solidifies.
This is how extrusive igneous rocks like pumice and
basalt are formed.

Magma below the Earths surface cools slowly. There is

time for
large crystals to grow as the
magma solidifies.
This is how extrusive igneous rocks like granite are
formed.

A mineral is a
nonliving solid found
in nature.
But, arent rocks
nonliving and found
in nature too??
Then what is the
difference between
a rock and a
mineral?

Rocks are made up of one or more

minerals!!!
The reason why some rocks have more
than one color, is because they contain
more than one mineral.
Also, some rocks are made of other
things, such as sand and pebbles, in
addition to minerals.

The Mohs Hardness

Scale was designed
for us to use as a
scale to determine
the strength of
rocks and minerals.

1. Agregat beku (igneous rock)

Berasal dari magma yang mendingin kemudian

membeku
Dibedakan atas:

Agregat beku dalam (intrusive igneous rock): dibentuk dari

magma yang tidak dapat keluar ke permukaan bumi,
mengalami pendinginan dan membeku pelan-pelan di dalam
bumi. Dapat ditemui di permukaan bumi karena proses erosi.
Umumnya bertekstur kasar: granit gabbro, diorit, syenit dll.
Agregat beku luar (Extrusive igneous rock): dari magma yang
keluar ke permukaan bumi ada saat gunung berapi meletus,
karena pengaruh cuaca mengalami pendinginan dan
membeku. Umumnya bertekstur halus: batu apung,
andesit,obsisian, fumice dll.

2. Agregat sedimen (sedimentary rock)

Berasal dari campuran partikel mineral, sisa

hewan dan tanaman yang mengalami

pengendapan dan pembekuan dalam waktu lama.
Merupakan lapisan-lapisan di kulit bumi atau hasil
endapan di danau/laut
Contoh: batu lempung, batu gamping, batu bara

3. Agregat metamorfik = batuan malihan

(metamorphic rock)
Berasal dari batuan beku atau sedimen yang

mengalami perubahan bentuk akibat perubahan

tekanan atau temperatur tinggi di kulit bumi.
Berdasarkan strukturnya dibedakan atas:
Agregat metamorf yang masif (marmer, kwarsit)
Agregat metamorf yang berlapis (batu sabak)

1.

Agregat alam (agregat siap pakai)

Agregat yang dapat digunakan dalam bentuk dan
ukuran sebagaimana diperoleh di lokasi asalnya.
Bentuk partikelnya ditentukan berdasarkan proses
pembentukannya:

Erosi akibat aliran air di sungai: partikelnya bulatbulat dengan permukaan licin
Degradasi di bukit: partikelnya bersudut dengan
permukaan kasar.

Berdasarkan tempat asalnya

Pitrun: diambil dari tempat terbuka di alam

Bankrun: agregat dari endapan sungai

2.

Agregat yang melalui proses pengolahan .

Agregat besar dari gunung atau sungai
harus dipecah dahulu sebelum digunakan
dengan menggunakan tenaga manusia atau
stone crusher), sehingga diperoleh:
Gradasi sesuai dengan yang diinginkan
Bentuk bersudut, diusahakan berbentuk
sudut.
Bertekstur kasar, sehingga punya
gesekan yang baik,

1.

1.

1.

Agregat kasar (course aggregate)

Butiran yang tertahan di atas saringan no.4
(4,75 mm) ASTM
Agregat halus (fine aggregate)
Butiran yang lolos saringan mo. 4 dan
tertahan di atas saringan no.200. ASTM
Agregat pengisi (filler aggregate)
bagian dari agregat halus yang minimum
75% butirnya lolos saringan no. 200 (0,075
mm) ASTM

To provide the good performance for base and sub-base

course from the traffic loading and ground water.
To prevent the pavement failure due to concentrated
high stress from the wheel loading.
To minimize the cost of pavement construction.

Strength & Toughness

Particle Shape
Porosity
Surface Texture
Surface Chemistry
Surface Coatings
Specific Gravity

Ukuran lubang
saringan menurut
AASHTO

Contoh
hasil
analisa
saringan:

Buat grafik gradasi zone I, II, III, dan IV

menurut BS.
Cek benda uji berikut, termasuk ke dalam
zone berapa.

Catatan:
apabila grafik gradasi benda uji berada pada
rentang gradasi zone A, maka benda uji
termasuk agregat zone A

Jenis gradasi agregat:

1.
2.

Gradasi baik (well graded)

Gradasi jelek (poorly graded)
- gradasi seragam = gradasi terbuka (uniform
graded)
- gradasi timpang = gradasi senjang (gap graded)

Gradasi baik (well graded) disebut juga gradasi rapat

(dense graded)

Gradasi baik (well graded) disebut juga gradasi rapat

(dense graded)

Ukuran maksimum agregat:

Semua lapis perkerasan lentur
membutuhkan agregat yang terdistribusi
dari besar sampai kecil. Semakin besar
ukuran maksimum agregat yang digunakan,
akan semakin banyak variasi ukuran dari
besar sampai kecil yang dibutuhkan.
Batasan ukuran maksimum yang digunakan
dibatasi oleh tebal lapis yang diharapkan.

Ukuran maksimum agregat:

Penggunaan agregat dengan ukuran besar
menguntungkan, (tetapi sifat kurang baik)
karena:
Usaha pemecahan partikel lebih sedikit,
sehingga biaya lebih murah
Luas permukaan yang harus diselimuti
aspal lebih sedikit, sehingga kebutuhan
aspal menjadi sedikit.

Ukuran maksimum agregat, dapat dinyatakan

dengan menggunakan:
a) Ukuran maksimum agregat:
- menunjukkan ukuran saringan terkecil
dimana agregat yang lolos saringan
tersebut sebanyak 100%
- merupakan ukuran satu saringan yang lebih
besar dari ukuran nominal maksimum
b) Ukuran nominal maksimm agregat:
- menunjukkan ukuran saringan terbesar
dimana agregat yang tertahan saringan
tersebut sebanyak < 10%

Tebal lapis perkerasan minimum = 2 x ukuran

maksimum agregat
Jika agregat terlalu besar, maka:
Untuk mendapatkan agregat bergdarasi baik

dibutuhkan butir-butir yang terdistribusi dalam

rentang yang lebih besar.
Semakin mudah terjadi segregasi, yaitu
pemisahan butir-butir berukuran besar dan kecil.

Contoh:

Alat uji abrasi

Los Angeles

Bentuk dan tekstur agregat mempengaruhi

stabilitas dari lapis perkerasan yang dibentuk oleh
agregat tersebut. Macam-macam bentuk agregat:

Tekstur permukaan agregat:

Tekstur permukaan agregat:

Macam berat jenis (specific graffity)

Macam berat jenis (specific graffity)

1. Metcalf

2. Fuller & Thompson