Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
MODULE 1A
STEAM TURBINE BASICS
NGINEERING BASICS
STEAM TURBINE
PART - 1
ENGINEERING BASICS
STEAM TURBINE
PART - 4
OPERATION
NGINEERING BASICS
HISTORY
HERON, DARI ALEXANDRIA - YUNANI , 120 BC.
ENGINEERING BASICS
HISTORY
CHARLES ALGEMOND PARSONS, BRITISH, 1890
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TURBINE WITH REACTION, DEVELOPED IN
MULTI-LEVEL PRESSURE REACTION TURBINE. NUMBER OF LEVELS
OF COMPOUND (S / D 30-AN) POWER AND BIGGER. RELATIVELY
SMALL DIAMETER.
Genuine transformation STEAM PRESSURE FROM THE FLOOR OF A
SMALL MADE TO THE NEXT LEVEL TO NOT surprise.
CAN WORK WITH THE STEAM PRESS HIGH (dikelak later on apply / combined with
a reaction turbine basically can not work with high pressure steam).
DECREASE IN SPEED FROM ONE LEVEL TO THE NEXT LEVEL VERY DRASTIC
EACH LEVEL CONSIST OF TURBINE de LAVAL (turbine action one level) STATOR
WITH NOZZLE TYPE REACTION
Amended PRESSURE LEVEL FROM WHICH ONE BIG ENOUGH next level
NGINEERING BASICS
NGINEERING BASICS
Action
1. TURBINE ACTION :
REACTION
ACTION
REAKSI
2. TURBINE REACTION :
ACTION
POWER TOTAL = F
ACTION
P -1
DESCRIPTION
A.
ACTION
IN = OUT
REACTION
IN < OUT
C1
C. FORMATION OF POWER
100 % IMPULSE
D. STEAM NOZZLES
E. TOTAL LEVEL
SEGMENT
LEVEL 1 OR 2
50 % IMPULSE PLUS
50 % REACTION
CIRCULAR 360 0
MULTI ( S/D 32 TK )
SEMITRI
AN-SEMITRI
G. ROUND HIGH
HIGH
RELATIVELY LOW
H. OUTPUT POWER
SMALL
BIG
I.
LARGE / SHORT
SMALL / LARGE
= C2
C1
<
C2
NGINEERING BASICS
ROTOR DRUM
( TEMPAT PENASANGAN
REAKSI BLADES )
JOURNAL BEARING
MAIN SUPPORT
AXIAL SLIDING
PROBE
LABYRINTH
DRUM
BELAKANG
LABYRINTH
DRUM DEPAN
CONTROLLED STAGE
(CURTIS 2 LEVEL SPEED)
ENGINEERING BASICS
HISTORY
GIOVANI de BRANCA, ITALY, 1029
(ACTION 1 LEVEL SPEED TURBINE)
P1
P2
PRESSURE
BALANCE HOLE
BLADES
1- STAGE
STEAM
EXHAUST
STEAM PRESSURE
STEAM VELOCITY
ENGINEERING BASICS
HISTORY
STATOR
50%
ROTOR
-1
( SUDU
BALIK )
ROTOR
-2
50%
50%
NOZZLE REAKSI
REAKSI
REAKSI
P=
PRESSURE
C= VELOCITY
ENGINEERING BASICS
HISTORY
REVERSE BLADES
(BLADE BEYOND)
P1
P2
PRESSURE
BALANCE HOLE
BLADES
STAGE 1 & 2
STEAM
EXHAUST
Rotor-1
Stator
Rotor-2
Stator
Nozzle
C1
Pressure
p1 = p2
Cb
C2
Steam velocity
( C1 > Cb > C3 )
Speed chart Steam (v) and steam pressure (p) of the level-1 blade,
blade turning and blade level-2
NGINEERING BASICS
HISTORY
THOMAS W. CURTIS. AMERICA, 1900
BLADE 2 SPEED
LEVEL
SEGMENT NOZZLE
ENGINEERING BASICS
HISTORY
STEAM
INLET
P1
P2
P1
STEAM
OUTLET
P2
C (P)
GRAPHIC SPEED STEAM (C) AND PRESSURE
Turbine Zoelly
CONTROLLED
STAGE = 2 ST
REGULATOR
DEVICES
STEAM IN
P1
BALANCE
HOLES
TB ACTION 10 FY.
PRESSURE
LABIRINTH
P1
AXIAL /
THRUST
BEARINGS
LABIRINTH
P
JOURNAL
BEARINGS
STEAM OUT
TB TK. TEK -1
TB TK. TEK -2
P2
P1
P1
P2
P1
P2
NOZZLE TK - 2
NOZZLE TK - 1
Steam
inlet
Steam
outlet
Inlet
Angle
Suction Face
Pressure
Face
Discharge
Angle
Inlet
Edge
TURBINE REACTION
2. Turbine Reaction / Reaction Turbine
stator
rotor
C1
C2
PRINCIPLES OF REACTIONS
OCCUR IN LINE STEAM OUT OF
BLADES
PROCESS = FLOW FLOW IN
GAS / STEAM IN VENTURI
Area "A" PRESSURE BIG, SMALL
VELOCITY (C1). ALWAYS SEEK
THE NATURE OF PRESSURE
PRESSURE AREA WITH
LESSER.
C3
TURBIN REACTION
PARSONS. AMERICA,
REGULATOS
& SAFETY
THRUST /
AXIAL
BEARING
DRIVING
MOTOR
LABIRINTH
DEPAN
P1
P2
JOURNAL
BEARING
JOURNAL
BEARING
P1R
LABIRINTH
BELAKANG
CONTROLLED
STAGE ( AKSI )
1 TK
TB. Reaction
14 TK
TURBIN REACTION
TB. REACTION CAN ONLY WORK (OPTIMAL) STEAM
PRESSURE P1 IF NOT TOO BIG (opposite of TB. SCAI). IF
TOO HIGH PRESSURE P1, TEND STEAM LEAK / BOCOR
THROUGH THE TOP BLADE AND BOCOR towards TAKES
BACK AGAINST THE EXPANSION BLADE.
TURBINE
ACTION
( PRESSURE
CONTROL)
TURBINE REACTION
BASICS
DESIGN & ENGINEERING
Introduction
WORK BASED PROCESS CHEMICAL ENERGY genuine transformation (in pcs. Bakr)
MENJADINTENAGA Physics (kinetic) AVAILABLE IN STEAM AND BECOME MORE
ENERGY changed by MECHANICS (in the form of rotating turbine)
Chemical
Energy
( Fuel )
The higher the heat value bh. Fuel, the higher the chemical
energy
The more complete the combustion process in the furnace,
the higher the heat energy released buisa...
Kinetic Energy
( heat latent )
Mechanical
Energy
(in Turbines )
BASICS
DIMENSIONS
LENGTH
(reaction)
THICKNESS
DIMENSIONS
(action) and
torsion
(reaction))
MOLLIER DIAGRAM
BASICS
Mollier diagram is very important for power calculations and thermodynamic the turbine in
the steam cycle
Temperature
ST-HP
ST-LP
SUPERHEATER
P2
TURBINE
BOILER
P1
CONDENSER
8-1 IN CONDENSER
BASICS
MOLLIER DIAGRAM
TURBINE HP
Condensation PROCESS IN
CONDENSER
TURBINE LP
BASICS
1. Flexibility in use:
- industrial ( for process ) ( 2 - 60 eMW )
- industrial / utility ( 25 - 125 eMW )
- utility ( s/ d 800 eMW )
2- classification:
small capacity ( marine, auxiliaries dsb )
medium capacity ( >150 eMW - 800 eMW )
hi-capacity
- Utility ( Power generator ) ( > 100 eMW and more )
- Auxiliary ( compressors , pumps, special uses )
BASICS
Thermodynamic Rating
Influenced by the condition of steam. (Pressure and Temperature)
Described in the heat balance diagram (Steam flow diagram)
LP - Bypass
Stop & CV
boiler
Hp
Ip
L p
generator
bleed points
HP preheating
H
H
Ax
Condensing Pump
H
Deaerator
MECHANICAL DESIGN
Factors affecting the design of turbine components. :
Static and dynamic power of different large and its direction
Different temperatures
Blades/ barrel-barrel
Blades should be able to withstand
a static load as follows:
1. Steam pressure drop between
the inlet and outlet pressure
2. Impact of steam power on
curved blades.
3. Centrifugal force as the rotor
rotates.
SELECTION of MATERIAL
The parts of the turbine must be able to withstand the force arising -2 as follows:
1. Temperature and pressure / stress is very high (centrifugal, press, pull, twist)
2. The selection of the right kind of material to withstand the force-deformation 2 tsb
with safe (expansion does not cause friction stator - rotor) and erosion and abrasion
resistant.
rotor
- Low - Alloy (HP rotor: CrMoV and 12CrMoVCbN
- Moderately heat-treated
- Can be welded with ferritic steels with 12% Cr steel to withstand high temperatures (566 0C and
load 1,000 MW)
Bearings
- Resistance to shear loads (abrasion resistant) and low thermal expansion.
Bucket / diaphragm
- Serves also for installation / placement reverse blades (blades turning)
- High temp resistant and thermal expansion rate has been 10 CrMoV CBN.
- Design of blade roots selected "Dovetail".
casings
- The material is resistant to temperature selected high - low
- Materials are selected Cast Steel, Cast Iron and Nodular Fine Grained Steel Plates
Blades
- Standard 12% Cr steel
Last stage balding stationary (stator blades for the last level)
- Nodular Cast Iron, Austenitic Steel with 17% Cr.
bolting
- Hold temp. s / d 566 0C been Materials 12 Cr-alloy and Nickel based alloy steel or alloy or Inconel.
TURBINE BLADING
SHROUD = SABUK
INTEGRATED SHROUD
Search BLADE MADE WITH
EQUIVALENTS
BLADING STRESS
S1
temp
S2
loads
3
Y
Pi
Po
1
Pi
Po
Static loads :
1. Pressure drop Pin - Pout
2. Impulse force Pin
3. Centrifugal Fc
G. U2
= ---- ---------g.
R
U
G
R
+
X
C1
1. Riveted Shrouding
2. Integrated shroud
3. Lacing or tie wires
Ferrule = connect the ANT. END-2 Lacing WIRE
Stationary wall
Leakage clearance
Leakage clearance
shrouding
Turbulence
rotor
Covered bucket
rotor
Uncovered bucket
THE FLOW DISHARMONIS colliding, RESULT vortex (turbulence). FLOW DUE TO HARM
THE KINETIC ENERGY LOST WITHOUT MAKING POWER PLAY.
Turbulence HAPPENS IN MOST BLADES WILL PRODUCE OR STRICT minister
THUNDER SOUND, VIBRATION RISING, THE USE OF STEAM HIGH (CAN SEE WITH
VALVE OPENING BESSARNYA), EFFICIENCY LOW.
Besides withstand RELEASE FUNCTION Shroud also arrested VIBRATION
When the blades are not able to meet the requirements frequency, can be
overcome by the:
Changed the shape / size profile
Z changed the number of blades in each row
Replacing the outer belt around the blades (shrouds)
Wiring the vibration damper (damper wires)
Life steam & CV (Controlled Valve )
P1
ho
hi
P2
0.03 bar
Blades are made of material 12% Cr-steel for the final stage and 17% Cr
(austenitic steel) for level-2 first in the high pressure turbine.
SERVICE LIFE
(lifetime)