-High runoff rates caused by naturally low water retention
capacity in the catchment areas due to poor vegetation cover and/or impervious soils and/or hilly terrain. -Excessive water runoff as a result of poor land management practices resulting in low water retention capacity in cultivated elds and grazing land and from built up areas (roofs, foot paths & cattle tracks etc.) -Runoff from cultivated land, grazing areas, foot paths and cattle tracks, etc., adjacent to a road, carries sediment and transports it towards the road servitude resulting in the siltation of road drainage structures. -Lack of appropriate soil and water conservation measures
UPPER CATCHMENT Solution:
-Land owners are generally required to carry out soil
and water conservation activities on the their land -The MoA through its extension officers is responsible for providing advice on the identication of the control measures and supervising the implementation of such measures -Road Agencies/Authorities construct secondary drains (cut off drains) on the upper catchment areas
ROAD RESERVE Problem:
-Scouring/gullying in side drains
-Scouring in culvert inlets and outlets -Gullying on culvert outlets -Scouring of bridges wing-walls and abutments -Siltation of culverts and drains -Slope failures on embankments
ROAD RESERVE Solution:
-The MoR, Road Agencies/Authorities and local
authorities are responsible for the soil erosion control measures needed on the roads under their jurisdiction
LOWER CATCHMENT Problem:
-gullying of culvert outfalls,
-gullying of mitre drain outfalls -ooding and silt deposition causing damage to crops and property
LOWER CATCHMENT Solution:
-Initial construction of waterways with the required erosion control
measures (scour checks, check dams, and slope stabilization) is the responsibility of the Road Authorities/Agencies, which should be undertaken as part of the road improvement and maintenance works. Planning and supervision of works shall be done by the project Engineers with the assistance and advice of MoA extension staff and in consultation with relevant stakeholders. -Provision of soil and water conservation measures, for retaining and use of runoff from the road (terraces, inltration ditches, ponds, and planting grass) on individual farms is the responsibility of the land owner. The MoA extension staff is expected to provide technical support in the planning, construction and maintenance of such structures. -Grass planting in off-carriageway drains and on embankments including water ways to be the responsibility of the land owners -Maintenance of the off-carriageway drains and soil erosion control structures installed on their land shall be the responsibility of the respective Land owners