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Atomic Models

Recall that atoms are really tiny


With a golf ball size nucleus, the atom is 2.5
miles in diameter, so it is mostly empty
space
There are some good pictures and
discussion at the beginning of Chapter 15
about sizes and how to see atoms

Spectroscopy
We want to examine evidence of atoms behavior
in order to build a conceptual model of the
structure of the atom
If we put atoms in a large electric field (like an
electric arc) or feed a flame, we can cause
rearrangements of the electrons in the atoms
As the atoms return to their resting states they
emit light

Spectroscopy
We can look at the light from atoms placed
in an electric arc with a spectroscope
Recall how a prism or diffraction grating
can separate out the different colors of light

Spectroscopy
Images of the slit
Arc
Red image

Blue image

Slit

Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy
So, we can ask the question, Why do we
get the particular colors from any element?
Why are the colors different for each
element?
For a given element, what does the pattern
say about the underlying structure of that
atom?

Spectroscopy
Start with what we think is the simplest
atom, namely Hydrogen
The spectrum is a series of lines getting
closer together and converging on a value

Spectroscopy
It is possible to relate the frequencies of the
light represented by these colored lines in a
regular mathematical sequence

1 1
f R 2 2 for n = 3, 4,5,6...
2
n

Spectroscopy
Another series was discovered in the
ultraviolet where the two became a 1
Still others were discovered with a 3, then a
4, etc. (in the infrared)

1 1
f R 2 2 for n = 2, 3,4,5,6...
1 n

Atomic Models
Clearly, something interesting is going on
We should be able to figure out a
mechanism to explain this regularity
Looks similar to the overtones we get when
we pluck a guitar string, but with a different
mathematical formula
For the guitar f = f0n where n = 1, 2, 3,

Atomic Models
What else might help us figure this out?
Einsten explained the photoelectric effect by
saying that light must also be considered as a
particle (a photon)
Max Planck explained the spectrum obtained upon
heating an object and watching the color change as
the object got hotter
Deep red to red to orange to yellow to white
His explanation involved light as particles

Atomic Models
People also noted that some things in nature
seemed fixed in size to particular values
The charge on an electron was of fixed size
All charged objects have a charge that is an
integer multiple of the charge on the
electron
Things seem to be quantized

Quantum Hypothesis

So, electric charge is quantized


Light is quantized
Energy = h x frequency
Since the light coming from atoms observed
in a spectroscope has particular frequencies
then the light has particular energies!!

Quantum Hypothesis
If light is absorbed by an atom, it occurs at
the same frequencies as the light emitted by
the atom when it is placed in a flame or an
electric arc!!!
If an atom absorbs the energy of a photon,
where does it go and what happens?

Quantum Hypothesis
An electron some distance from a nucleus has a
particular value of potential energy
Based on distance from the nucleus and the size of
the electric field
If you give the electron more energy, it gain
potential energy and will move farther away from
the nucleus!!!
The opposite is also true. When an electron gives
up energy to move closer, it will be emitted as a
photon of light

Quantum Hypothesis

Quantum Hypothesis
Bohr said that if the light energy coming
from the atom is quantized to particular
values, the energy of the electrons in the
atom must be quantized to particular values
as well!!!
His hypothesis is called the planetary model

Planetary Model

Planetary Model
The electron is not allowed a leisurely
journey from one orbit to another
It jumps instantaneously
Also explains why some frequencies of
light emitted by hydrogen are the sum of
two other frequencies that are observed

Quantum Hypothesis

Quantum Hypothesis
Bohrs model of hydrogen explained the hydrogen
spectrum
However, if you tried to apply it to helium, the
next simplest atom, it didnt work very well
It also didnt provide a real basis for
understanding WHY the electron energies were
quantized
Next time we will improve on the model by
supposing the electron has WAVE properties

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