Class 3

Fundamentals of Electric Power

Firmansyah Nur Budiman
Lab. Transmisi & Distribusi
Jurusan Teknik Elektro & Teknologi Informasi FT UGM

Electron Current Flow

Potential
difference exists
due to excess of
electrons at the
negative terminal

Electron current
flows if there is
connection
between positive
and negative
terminals

Conventional
current flow:
accepted as
direction of
current flow in
power
technology

Source and Load

Which one is source? And load?

Source current flows out of the (+) terminal

Load current flows into the (+) terminal

Source and Load

Source

Photocell

Load

Capacitor
Electrical machine
Battery

Resistor

AC vs DC Electricity

Graph of Alternating Voltage

AC Sinusoidal Voltage
AC voltage generated by alternators is nearly a
perfect sine wave. The mathematical expression:

e Em cos(2ft q )
e Em cos(360 ft q )
e = instantaneous voltage [V]
Em = peak value of the sinusoidal voltage [V]
f = frequency [Hz]
t = time [s]
q = a fixed angle [rad or deg]

AC Sinusoidal Voltage
Example:
The sine wave shown represents the voltage Eab
across the terminal a and b of an ac motor that
operates at 50 Hz. Knowing that q = 300 and Em
= 100 V, calculate the voltage at t = 0 and t =
27.144 s!

Relationship between cos & sine

e E m cos( 2ft q )
e E m sin( 2ft q 90 )
0

similarly,

i I m sin( 2ft q )
i I m cos(2ft q 90 )
0

Effective Value
Effective (rms) value is a measure of the
heating effect of the ac voltage as compared to
that of an equivalent dc voltage.
General expression:
T

Eeff Erms

1 2
e (t )dt
T

I eff I rms

1 2
i (t )dt
T
0

For sine wave:

Eeff Erms

Em
2

I eff I rms

Im
2

Phasor Representation
Pure resistive

Waveform
10

e(t)
i(t)

-5

e Em sin(360 ft )
i I m sin(360 ft q ); q 0 0

Phasor diagram

-10
0

90

180

270
Angle (degree)

360

450

E Eeff 0 0 Current and voltage are

I I eff 0 0 in phase

540

Phasor Representation
Pure inductive

Waveform
10

e(t)

i(t)

-5

e Em sin(360 ft )
i I m sin(360 ft q ); q 900
Phasor diagram

-10
0

90

E Eeff 0 0

I I eff 900

180

270
Angle (degree)

360

Current lags by 900

450

540

Phasor Representation
Pure capacitive

Waveform
10

e(t)

i(t)

-5

e Em sin(360 ft )
i I m sin(360 ft q );q 900
Phasor diagram

-10
0

E Eeff 0 0
I I eff 900

90

180

270
Angle (degree)

360

Current leads by 900

450

540

Phasor Representation

Waveform, equation, phasor?

Instantaneous and Average Power

e(t ) Em sin(360 ft )
i(t ) I m sin(360 ft q )

Instantaneous power:
p(t ) e(t )i(t ) Em sin(360 ft ) I m sin(360 ft q )

Average power:
1
P E m I m cosq
2
P Eeff I eff cosq

cos q = power factor

Active Power

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

The load is pure resistive.

Active power: P = EeffIeffcos q
Unit: watt (W)
Generator: active source &
resistor: active load

Reactive Power
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

The load is pure inductive.

Active power: Q = EeffIeffsin q
Unit: var
Generator: reactive source
& reactor: reactive load

Reactive Power
Example:
A reactor having an inductive reactance of 4 is
connected to the terminals of 120 V ac generator.
a) Calculate the value of the current in reactor
b) Calculate the power associated with reactor
c) Calculate the power associated with ac
generator
d) Draw the phasor diagram for circuit

Reactive Power
Solution:
a) I L E 120V 30 A
XL
4
b) Q EI sin q 120 301 3600var
c) Generator is a source
of reactive power; it
delivers 3.6 kvar
d) Current IL lags 900

Capacitor and Reactive Power

A capacitor having reactance of 4 is added.
Generator no longer
supplies power.
Capacitor comes as
reactive power supplier
for inductive reactor.

Capacitor and Reactive Power

The reactor is removed. What will happen?
Generator is supplied
reactive power by
capacitor.

Active and Reactive Power

Example:
An ac generator G is connected to a group of R,
L, C circuit elements. The respective elements
carry the currents shown. Calculate the active
and reactive power associated with the
generator!

Active and Reactive Power

Solution:
The two resistors absorb active power given by
P I 2 R (142 4) (16.122 2) 784 520 1304W

The reactor absorbs reactive power:

QL I 2 X L 142 3 588 var

The capacitor generates reactive power:

QC I 2 X C 202 3.5 1400 var

The circuit generates a net reactive power of

1400 588 = 812 var

Apparent Power
Apparent power (S): combined active and
reactive power. The current magnitude I is given
by
I I p2 Iq2

Power Triangle
P = active power (W)
Q = reactive power (var)
S = apparent power (VA)

Examples
TL lamp having rating of 20W, 220V, cos q = 0.4
(lagging). If the lamp is switched on by a voltage
of 220V:
(a) Calculate current flowing through the lamp
(b) Calculate apparent and reactive power
absorbed by the lamp
(c) Draw phasor diagram and power triangle
(d) Calculate energy absorbed by the lamp if it is
switched on for 12 hours

Examples
Solution:
(a) P Veff I eff cosq

I eff

(b) q cos1 66.70

Q Veff I eff sin q 45.82 var

(c)
(d)

E Pt 2012 240Wh

P
20

0.23A
Veff cosq 220 0.4

Examples
Induction motor having rating of 220 V, 1 HP, pf
= 0.7 (lagging) has an efficiency at full load and
half full load of 80% and 60%, respectively.
Calculate current and power absorbed by the
motor when it serves full load and half full load!

Examples
Solution:
At full load

Pout
746
746
0.8
Pin
932.5W
Pin
Pin
0.8

P Veff I eff cosq I eff

P
932.5

6.06 A
Veff cosq 220 0.7

At half full load

Pout
746
746
0.6
Pin
621.67W
Pin
Pin
0.6

P Veff I eff cosq I eff

P
621.6

4.04 A
Veff cosq 220 0.7

PR
(1) The voltage applied to an ac magnet is given by
the expression E = 160 sin q and the current is I
= 20 sin (q 600), all angles being expressed in
degrees.
(a) Draw the phasor diagram for E and I, using
effective values.
(b) Draw the waveshape of E and I as a function
of q
(c) Calculate the peak positive power and the
peak negative power in the circuit

PR
(2) A large motor absorbs 600 kW at a power factor
of 90% or 0.9. Calculate the apparent power and
reactive power absorbed by motor!
(3) A 10 reactor is connected to a 120V, 60Hz line.
Calculate:
(a) reactive power absorbed by reactor
(b) apparent power absorbed by reactor
(c) peak power input to reactor
(d) peak power output to reactor
(e) duration of each positive power pulse