transformer design

Operational characteristics
details
No-load current
Losses
Efficiency
Regulation
Resistance
Leakage reactance

NO LOAD CURRENT
The no load current I0 consists of two components:
a) Magnetizing current
b) Loss component
and its value given by
thus the estimation of no load current i0 requires the calculation of its two components
and

Magnetizing current depends on mmf required to establish desired flux

The loss component of no load current depends on iron loss
For single phase transformer
Total length of core = 2 lc
Total length of yoke = 2 ly
Here lc =Hw
ly =Ww
Mmf for core = mmf per metre for max. flux density in core * total length of core
= atc 2 lc
Mmf for yoke = mmf per metre for max. flux density in yoke * total length of yoke
=

aty 2 ly

Maximum value of magnetizing current = ATo/Tp

The loss component of no load current Il=Pi / Vp

where Pi is iron loss in watts
Vp is terminal voltage of the primary winding

no load current is given by

NO LOAD CURRENT
The no load current I0 consists of two components:
a) Magnetizing current
b) Loss component
and its value given by
thus the estimation of no load current i0 requires the calculation of its two components
and

Magnetizing current depends on mmf required to establish desired flux

The loss component of no load current depends on iron loss
For three phase transformer
Total length of core = 3 lc
Total length of yoke = 2 ly
Here lc =Hw
ly =2Ww+d
Mmf for core = mmf per metre for max. flux density in core * total length of core
= atc 3lc
Mmf for yoke = mmf per metre for max. flux density in yoke * total length of yoke
=

aty 2 ly

= Magnetizing mmf per meter length of the path in iron=at mli

The loss component of no load current Il=Pi / no.of phase * voltage per phase
= Pi/ 3*Vp

where
Vp is voltage per phase
no load current is given by

LOSSES

The losses which takes place during transformer operation are:-

Copper Losses- The Cu losses is proportional to the rated current of

the windings of the transformer. It plays an important role in
determining the all- day efficiency of the transformer.

Core Losses-

I.

the specific iron loss was found to be

It is known that

, as

remains constant the product of

also remains

constant. So the eddy losses remain constant though the frequency is changed. But the
hysteresis loss is found to be decreasing with increasing frequency.

EFFICIENCY
The ratio of the output to input is the efficiency of the transformer .Input is
expressed as the sum of output and losses. As losses are different at different
loads efficiency is also found to be different at different loads.

Maximum efficiency is obtained at a load in which the copper loss in the

winding is equal to the core loss of the core

All day efficiency:

The utilization of a transformer is determined by the all day efficiency.
The all day efficiency is expressed as the ratio of kilowatt hour output to
the kilo watt hour input in a day.

VOLTAGE REGULATION OF THE

TRANSFORMER

Voltage regulation of a transformer is defined as the change in secondary

voltage from no load to full load and is usually expressed as the percentage
of the full load value.

Voltage regulation =

RESISTANCE

length of primary winding.

= length of secondary winding.
resistance of the primary winding.
= resistance of the secondary winding.

Where,

= number of primary terms.

= number of secondary terms.
= area of cross-section of primary winding.
= area of cross-section of secondary winding.
= resistivity of the winding material.

For

loss in winding

TRANSFORMER TANK

Rolled steel plates are fabricated to form the tank.

Lifting lugs are being provided.

Factors like weight, stray load losses, cost are strictly considered while designing tank.

Aluminum is used for reducing weight.

22Tubes are implemented so as to reduce temperature rise.

TRANSFORMER INSULATION
(CLASS -A)
TRANSFORMER OIL

INSULATING PAPER
AND PRESS BOARD

Mineral oil obtained by refining

crude petroleum.

Functions :
i. Creates an acceptable level of
insulation in conjunction with
insulated conductors & coils.
ii. Provides
a cooling medium
capable of extracting quantities
of heat without deterioration in
insulating quality.
iii. Protects the paper from dust and
moisture.

Vegetable fibres consisting of cellulose are

fitted to form the insulating sheet of paper
covering the conductors(.25-.5 mm)
Grammage, density, moisture content, oil
impregnation, water absorption, air
permeability, tensile strength, heat stability
are the prime factors to be considered.
Pressboards are also made of vegetable fibres
consisting of cellulose.
Density, tensile strength, elongation,
conductivity, oil absorption, moisture content
are also specified for pressboard. In addition,
compressibility, shrinkage and edge wise
electric strength are the prime factors.
Between L.V. and core pressboard wraps of
1.5mm is used.
Between L.V and H.V. bakelized paper of
5mm thickness is used.
Width of oil duct between H.V. &L.V. Is 5mm.

BUSHING
Connections for overhead cables of the

transformer are brought through bushings.

The bushings are consisted of a current

carrying part in the form of a conducting rod,

bus or cable.

A porcelain cylinder is installed in a hole

in the transformer cover & is used for
insulating the current carrying part.

BUSHING

CONSERVATOR AND
BREATHER

Conservator takes up the contraction

and expansion of oil without allowing it
to come in contact with outside air
prohibiting the spoil of insulating
properties.

It is consisted of an airtight metal drum

fixed above the level of air tight metal
drum.

Due to expansion and contraction of oil

for temperature change displacement
of air occurs which passes through
breather apparatus.

It consist of a small vessel which is

consisted of a drieng agent like silica
gel crystal impregnate with cobalt
crystal.

EXPLOSION VENT

In order to guard against the possibility of sudden high pressure caused

by a breakdown or a short circuit in the transformer winding, a
diaphragm relief device is used.

This device consists of a large opening to the atmosphere covered by a

thin non-metallic diaphragm.

The diaphragm burst if the pressure inside the tank becomes excessive.

The relief device must be above the level of oil in the conservator in
order to prevent an overflow of oil in case the device operates

TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

The most obvious indicator of transformer temperature is the temperature

of the hot oil.

The oil temperature is measured by a dial type thermometer.

Due to sudden over load winding temperature rises more than oil
temperature.

So a bulb of thermometer is mounted in the oil and the dials mounted

outside the tank.
The thermometer is immersed in the oil and the bulb is heated by heater
which carries a current proportional to the winding current.

Therefore, the reading of the thermometer is an analogous indication of

winding temperature.

BUCHOLTZ RELAY

Buchholz relay is a gas-actuated relay

installed in oil immersed transformer for
protection against all kinds of faults.

It is used give alarm in case of incipient

faults in the transformer & to disconnect
the transformer from the supply.

It is usually installed in the pipe

connecting the conservator to the main
tank.

It detects the incipient faults at a stage

much earlier than is possible with other
forms of protection.

It can only be used with oil immersed

transformer equipped with conservator
tanks.

 Magnetic loading
The total flux in the air gap of a machine is called

magnetic loading.It is measured in webers.This

loading sets the limit on working flux without
saturation.
Magnetic loading=(number of poles)*(flux per pole)
Electric loading
The total numbers of ampere conductors around the

periphery is called electric loading.It is measured in

ampere.This loading sets the limit on working current
without exceeding the temperature rise.
Electric loading=(number of conductors)*(current per
conductor)