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Course: MBA-I
Subject: IT For Manager
Unit-1
History of Computers
Charles Babbage - father of computer
1800s planned analytical engine
ENIAC - developed at end of WW II
1951 - 1963 1st and 2nd generation
very large, used unreliable vacuum tubes
1963 - present - 3rd and 4th generation
smaller, faster - use transistors and integrated circuits
History - Microcomputers
Apple
First sold in late 1970s
Developed by Jobs and Wozniak
IBM Personal Computers
First sold in 1981
Was quickly accepted by businesses
IBM compatibles soon developed
What Is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that accepts data and
instructions from a user, manipulates the data according to the
instructions, displays the information in some way, and stores the
information for retrieval later
1.1 computer
What is a computer?
An electronic device that accepts input, processes the data and
instructions, produces output from the processing that is useful
and meaningful and stores the results for future use.
Generation of
computer
Index
1st Generation Of Computer
2nd Generation Of Computer
3rd Generation Of Computer
Introduction
The term Computer Generation is after use in relation to the
hard were of computer. Each phase of computer development is
known as separate generation of computer. Each phase of
development is characterized by type of switching circuits it
utilizes.
Most computer today use the idea of stored program. Computer
that was proposed by Dr.John Von Neumann in 1945.The Von
Neumann architecture is based in three key concept that are:
1) Data & instruction (program) are stored in a single read write
memory.
2) The memory content are addressable by location.
3) Excution takes place in sequential fashion.
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First Generation
[1949-55]
The first generation of computer used the vaccume tube &
machine language was used for giving instruction. The first
generation computer used the concept stored program'. The
computer of this generation were very large in size & their
programming was a difficult task.
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The CPU
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The CPU
Converts data into information
Control center
Set of electronic circuitry that executes stored
program instructions
Two parts
Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
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Control Unit
CU
Part of the hardware that is in-charge
Directs the computer system to execute stored program
instructions
Communicates with other parts of the hardware
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Arithmetic Operations
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
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Logical Operations
Evaluates conditions
Makes comparisons
Can compare
Numbers
Letters
Special characters
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Gates
Lets examine the processing of the following
four types of gates
NOT
AND
OR
XOR
Typically, logic diagrams are black and white, and the
gates are distinguished only by their shape
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NOT Gate
A
NOT
gate
accepts
and produces one output value
one
input
value
NOT Gate
By definition, if the input value for a NOT gate is 0,
the output value is 1, and if the input value is 1, the
output is 0
A NOT gate is sometimes referred to as an inverter
because it inverts the input value
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AND Gate
An AND gate accepts two input signals
If the two input values for an AND gate are both 1, the output
is 1; otherwise, the output is 0
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OR Gate
If the two input values are both 0, the output
value is 0; otherwise, the output is 1
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XOR Gate
XOR, or exclusive OR, gate
An XOR gate produces 0 if its two inputs are the same, and
a 1 otherwise
Note the difference
and the OR gate;
input situation
gate
one
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XOR Gate
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What is Memory ?
As the word implies memory means the place
where we have to store any thing, this is very
essential part of human being just like this memory is
also very important for computer system because in
computer system we have to store some data or
information and for storing these items we need some
memory or space.
About Memory
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Memory are classified into two types :1. Primary Memory :Primary memory also known as main memory or
internal memory which is located in the mother
board of system or as we say which is directly
connected to the CPU. It is the place where only
little bit of data are stored either by manufacturer or
by user.
This is further divided into two parts : RAM
ROM
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RAM
RAM also known as random access memory it stores
the data which the user currently uses or as we say it
stores the data temporary in it. RAM needs power or
electricity to work when the computer power is turned off
then all the data in it will be erased automatically.
This is a circuit which have its separate space or slot in
motherboard. This allows the computer to run the
software faster.
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ROM
Known as Read Only Memory as the word refers
mainly it can only read the data which in stored in it.
This memory is mainly used by our computer when
we just turn on our computer. It contains BIOS of
system. This is non-volatile in nature.
Mainly there are three types of ROM : PROM
EPROM
EEPROM
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PROM
Known as programmable Read Only memory. In
this when the data is stored then we have no right to
change or alter any data to it. In this the data is
written by Manufacturer company, even you can also
purchase blank PROM chip but it can be programmed
by special tool such as PROM programmers. In
general PCs mainly PROM is used because we dont
have to alter any data to it
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EPROM
Known as Erasable PROM as the word refers
erasable means we can change or erase the data. So
in EPROM we have right to change the data. In this
we can change the data with the help of ultra violet
rays. EPROM is much expensive than PROM.
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EEPROM
Known as Electrically Erasable PROM the type of
ROM which can be erased by electrical charges.
EEPROM can be erased one byte at anytime rather
than erasing the entire chip by ultra violet rays.
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Secondary Memory
The place where we store our personal data in computer system is
known as SM. In this we store data so that when the data is needed
we can easily retrieve it. This is the fundamental component of
comp. system. It is non volatile in nature so that we can not loose
the data when power supply is off.
There are two methods for accessing the data from it :1. Sequential This is the method in which we search the data
sequentially or line by line until you find the desired data. E.g..
Magnetic tape, etc.
2. Direct This is the method in which computer can go directly to
the information that the user wants.
e.g. magnetic disk, optical disk, etc.
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Hard Disk
Hard Disk also known as Hard Drive or Fixed
Drive. This is the place where we store our data or
information so that we can retrieve for further use.
This is the place where we install our OS so that we
can run our computer. Hard disk comes fix in our
system and if you require more hard disk then it
comes in removable also. The average computer
today comes with a 250 to 500 gb hard drive.
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Floppy Disk
This is removable, round, flat piece of Mylar plastic,
coated with a ferric oxide. this kind of disk is read
and written by Floppy Disk Drive (FDD), which is a
device which performs basic operations on disk
including reading and writing of data to it. This was
used to transfer data from one computer to another.
Earlier 5 floppy disks were used but these disks
have less storage capacity so new format of 3 1/2
floppy disk came in market. Now a days floppy disk
are not used because off less storage and high rate.
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Optical Disk
This is the secondary storage medium in which you
can store much more data in it. This is flat, circular,
plastic disk coated with material. Optical disk is very
popular because of its small size and huge storage
capacity. You must have optical disk reader in your
computer so that you can read or write data on it.
There are two types of optical disk :1. CD
2. DVD
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CD
Known as Compact Disk, mainly used to store data,
music, movie, software, etc. it can store 80 minutes of
continues video recording. The space of CD is up to
700 mb. Due to its high storage capacity it is widely
used. The data are store in it is in the form of Pitts.
To avail the services of CD your computer should have
CD drive.
There are two types of CD :1. CD ROM.
2. CD R/W.
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DVD
Known as Digital Versatile Disk. It is high capacity
storage medium. Mainly used to store movie, music,
software, etc. the storage capacity of DVD is up to
4.7 gb. It looks similar to CD but due to its high
storage capacity it is not cheaper as CD. To avail the
facility of DVD you must have DVD drive in your
computer. DVD drive also gives you facility to run
CD disks too.
Types of DVD :1. DVD ROM.
2. DVD R/W.
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The Mouse
This input device controls the cursor on the computer
screen. It has two or three buttons and a cable
connecting it to the computer. It is quite easy to
operate a mouse, the user simply moves the cursor
along the table. Once the cursor is at the desired
location, the user can give instructions to the
computer by clicking the button.
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The Joystick
A joystick looks like a stick fixed onto a box. It
controls the cursor on the screen, so we can say it is
alternate to the mouse.
The Keyboard
Keyboards come in different shapes and sizes
depending on the type of brand. They are similar to
typewriters.
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The Scanner
This looks like a photocopying machine, its function
is to scan any document placed on its flat glass and
send the contents to the computer.
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The Monitor
The monitor is one of the most important output devices, it is
used to display text and pictures. The monitor is also known as
the Visual Display Unit (VDU)
The Printer
There are several types of printers, some are:
Dot matrix- Consists of a print head with a number of pins
which move in and out to print in the form of dots.
Ink- jet- Consists of a print head with a number of tiny nozzles
and colored ink to form tiny dots.
Laser- Prints images by transferring ink powder onto a piece
of paper using a laser beam.
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The Plotter
A plotter produces its output using special pens across
the paper to create a drawing.
Engineers,
architects and designers use plotters to produce their
drawings or designs.
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REFERENCE
Reference Books
1. Information Technology for Managers By George Reynolds
2. Introduction to Computers by Gary Shelly, Steven Freund, Misty Vermaat
3. Introduction To Computers (Sie) By Norton
Image Reference
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