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MODE-FIELD DIAMETER

FOR SINGLE-MODE FIBER


GROUP 8

MODE-FIELD DIAMETER FOR


SINGLE-MODE FIBER
Mode field diameter (MFD), a measure of the width of
distribution of the electric field intensity, is used to predict
the operational properties.
The spot size which is simply equal to half of the MFD is
utilized.
The field of the fundamental mode can be expressed in
terms of both the near-field and the far-field distribution.
Hence direct measurement of the MFD may be obtained
using either near-field or far-field scanning technique.
A typical experimental arrangement for near-field
intensity distribution using a scanning fiber is illustrated
in Figure 14.27.

Figure 14.27 Experimental setup for near-field intensity


distribution measurements to obtain mode-field diameter

The arrangement utilized a relatively intense light source


operating at the desired wavelength to inject optical
power into the fiber under test.
A lens system is required to magnify the fiber output end.
The image of which is scanned across a diameter using
another fiber on a motor-driven translation stage
pigtailed to a small-area photodiode.
The near field MFD can be obtained using:
= 2 2

0
2

1
2

(Equation 14.33)

Where | E(r) |2 is the local near-field intensity at radius r

Equation 14.33 assumes a non-Gaussian field


distribution in which the near-field MFD is
proportional to the rms width of the near-field
distribution.
The numerical integration of the local measured
near-field intensities at intervals determined by
the dynamic range of the setup thus allows dn
to be calculated.

Drawback of the near-field


scanning
Inaccuracies resulting from lens distortion

Difficulties in locating and stably holding the


image plane at the detector
A limited dynamic range with only a small portion
of the optical power reaching the photodetector

Direct Measurement of the


MFD Techniques
1) Scanning the far field intensity distribution
It is straightforward method

Figure 14.28 : Experimental arrangement for far field intensity


distribution measurements (far field scanning) to obtain mode field
diameter.

This experimental require comprises a high


intensity light source (an injection normally
needed) and a photo detector mounted on a
motor driven rotational stage.
Far field intensity pattern be detected at a
sufficiently large distance from the center of the
fiber output end.
If using a pigtailed injection laser source, the
distance may be low a few millimeters.
The angular sector scanned in front of the fiber
must be sufficiently wide ( between 20 and
25 ) to completely include the main lobe of the
radiation pattern.

This aspect is critical when dispersion


modified fibers are scanned because that
exhibit broad far field distributions.
Equation below shows how to obtain the farfield MFD df directly by inserting the measured
far field intensity.

where F() correspond to the measured data

In rms far-field or Petermann II, it applies to nonGaussian measurements and is particularly


appropriate for dispersion modified fiber
operating at 1.55 (wavelength).
Other integrative far field methods includes
various aperture techniques which are:
Variable aperture method (TIA/EIA-455-167)
Knife edge method (TIA/EIA-455-174)

2) Transverse Offset Technique


It is an indirect method for the measurement of
the MFD.

It overcomes the near-and far-field methods.


Measurement of the power transmitted through a
mechanical butt splice as one of the fibers is
swept transversely through the alignment
position.

Figure 14.29 Experimental setup for the measurement of mode-field


diameter by transverse offset technique

The experimental apparatus shown employs the


same single-mode on either side of the joint.
Makes use of the dependence of splice loss on
spot size for Gaussian modes.
The variation of transmitted power with offset,
P(u), which is measured on a high-precision
translation stage, can be fitted to the expected
Gaussian dependence.

FOR THE IDENTICAL FIBERS WITH


AN MFD OF 2o

u is the offset
Po is the maximum transmitted power

An unweighted truncated fit with the truncation


deemphasizing the Gaussian tails gives good
agreement
with
near-field
and
far-field
techniques for circularly symmetric single-mode
fiber.

ADVANTAGES OF TRANSVERSE
OFFSET TECHNIQUE
Efficient in its use of optical power since most of the light is
intercepted and transmitted, in contrast to the near-field
method.
It is possible to use a tungsten lamp and monochromatic
combination to provide a tunable optical source which
allows easy measurement of the MFD as a function of
wavelength.
Lends itself to the determination of the cutoff wavelength.
It is relatively rapid, quite accurate.
Does not require complex mathematical evaluation.
It is a technique which is described in ITU-T G.652

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