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Molecular and Cellular neuroscience
Behavioral neuroscience
Systems neuroscience
Developmental neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience
Theoretical and computational neuroscience
Neural engineering
In all animals
Figure 1.3 The major light and electron microscopical features of neurons (Part 1)
Neurons are
specialized cells in NS
Neurons
communicate via
synapses-specialized
points of
chemical/electrical
contact
Electrical signals are
transferred between
neurons
Neurons have
organelles found in
other cells
Neurons
Nucleus
Contains DNA - genetic material
High level of transcription in neurons
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes attached
Functions in Protein Translation
Ribosomes
Structures for rotein translation
Golgi apparatus
Post-translation modification of
proteins
Packaging of proteins for transport
Mitochondria
Energy Production
Calcium storage
Apoptosis - programmed cell
death
Ramon y Cajal
Histological (Golgi) Staining of human brain
tissue
Neuronal Tracing/Morphology
Neuron Doctrine: Neurons are basic FN units
Camillo Golgi
Developed Golgi Technique
Impregnation of cells with
Silver salts to resolve subcellular
structures.
Major Components of
Neurons
Soma = Cell body
Differ in size/shape
Site of most Protein
synthesis
Dendrites (input)
Differ in branching
pattern/complexity
Signal Integration
Protein Synthesis
Axon (output)
Differ in length and
projection
Incoming Signal
Integration
AP source
Output of Information
Branching
Nucleus
Myelin
Plasma
membrane
Plasma Membrane
Phospholipid Bilayer
Site of
Exocytosis/Endocytosis
Release of neurotransmitter
vesicles
Internalization of membrane
associated molecules
Myelin produced by
oligodendrocyte
(glia)
Terminals
Vesicles of
neurotransmitter
Post-synaptic density
ine
Dendrite
1. conjugating the
antibody to an enzyme
aka peroxidase staining
2. Conjugating the
antibody to a
fluorophore aka
immunofluorescence
staining
fluorophore
Secondary antibody
Primary antibody
visualized
intracellular protein
visualized
cell surface
protein
Fluorescent Immunostaining to
Visualize Cells and ProteinsCytoskeletal Elements
Glia
Myelin
Myelin
Lipid rich wrapping of cell membrane around
axons
On average 20 wraps/axon segment
Results in- Electrical Insulation of the segment,
1. Increases electrical potential of axons 2.
Enhances neurotransmission
Seen as alternating light and dark bands on EM
Myelin