PT Nexwave Indonesia

Recruitment and Development Team @2013

 CHAPTER 1:
CHAPTER 2:
CHAPTER 3:

WCDMA Overview and Network Architecture

WCDMA Wireless Overview
Physical Layer and WCDMA Channel

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Overview

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Overview

What is 3G?
3rd Generation of mobile communication based on IMT-2000 global standardization
3G characteristic:
Designed for multimedia communication from the beginning
Provides more efficient means for image and video transfer
Variable bit rates up to 2 Mbps (Rel99)
Multiple access using Wideband CDMA (WCDMA)
All cells are using same frequency band, no need Frequency planning
Using codes for separate user and channel
Effective Signal Bandwidth 3.84MHz (wider bandwidth compared to GSM)

Short time delay (compared to GSM), 10ms frame length with 15 time slots
Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity
Inter frequency functionality to support mobility between frequencies carrier

Compatibility with GSM technology

Inter System functionality to support mobility between GSM and UMTS

Soft Handover, add margin which improved performance

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Overview

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Architecture

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Architecture

User Equipment (UE)

Mobile equipment (ME): Radio communication over Uu interface
UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM): Subscriber identity information, authentication
algorithms, encryption keys, etc

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)

Node B (Base Station): Handles/manages the traffic between Uu and Iub interfaces. Basic
tasks like coding, interleaving, rate adaptation, modulation, spreading, closed loop power
control
Radio Network Controller (RNC): Control radio resources in its operation area. Provide
services for Core Network (CN). Load and congestion control, admissions control, code
allocation, radio resource management tasks.

Mobile Services Switching Centre (MSC) / Visitor Location Centre (VLR)

Handles switching in Circuit Switched (CS) connections and hold visiting users service
profiles.

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

Similar functionality as in MSC/VLR but used for Packet Switched (PS) services

Other CN elements

Gateway MSC (GMSC): Handles incoming and outgoing CS connections

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): Like GMSC but in PS domain
Home Location Register (HLR): Master copy of users service profiles
Authentication Center (AuC): Handles authentication based on SIM data
Equipment Identity Register (EIR): Handles blacklist of Mobile Phone based on IMEI

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

 CHAPTER 1:
CHAPTER 2:
CHAPTER 3:

WCDMA Overview and Network Architecture

WCDMA Wireless Overview
Physical Layer and WCDMA Channel

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Air Interface Overview

A method which allowed two ways communication between two points simultaneously.

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Air Interface Overview

multiple access method allows several users connected

to the same multi-point transmission medium to
transmit over it and to share its capacity

1 UE 1

2 UE 2

3 UE 3

4 UE 4

5 UE 5

Power

Each User has a unique

frequency
Each User has a unique
time slot
1

TDMA
-Time Division
Multiple Access2G e.g. GSM, PDC

FDMA
-Frequency Division
Multiple Access1G e.g. AMPS,
NMT, TACS

3
2

No dedicated physical
channel any more

12

OFDMA
-Orthogonal
Frequency
Division
Multiple Accesse.g. LTE

5
1

3
4
3

5
2
1

CDMA
-Code Division
Multiple Access3G e.g. UMTS, CDMA2000

5
4
3
2
1

Each Transmitter has a unique

spreading code
Each Data Channel has a unique
orthogonal code

Frequency
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Air Interface Overview

Chips & Bits & Symbols

Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips SF=8)
+1

Baseband Data

-1
Chip

Spreading Code

Chip

+1
-1

Spread Signal

+1
-1

Air Interface
+1

Data

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

-1
+1
-1

Air Interface Overview

Consist of two steps:

1.
2.

Channelization Operation; which transform data into chips

Scrambling Operation; which applied to the spreading signal

Spreading means increasing the bandwidth of the signal beyond the bandwidth normally required
to accommodate the information.
Channelization Operation, which transforms every data symbol into a number of chips, thus
increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The number of chips per data symbol is called the
Spreading Factor (SF). Channelization codes are orthogonal codes, meaning that in ideal
environment they do not interfere each other.
Scrambling is used on top of spreading, so it does not change the signal bandwidth but only
makes the signals from different sources separable from each other. As the chip rate is already
achieved in channelization by the channelization codes, the chip rate is not affected by the
scrambling.

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Air Interface Overview

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Air Interface Overview

SF = chip rate / symbol rate

High data rate Low SF code
Low data rate High SF code

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Air Interface Overview

Scrambling code: GOLD sequence

Not orthogonal
Does not change signal bandwidth and only make makes the signals from different
sources separable from each other
There are 224 long uplink scrambling codes which are used for scrambling of the
uplink signals. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned automatically by RNC.
For downlink, 512 primary scrambling codes are used. Downlink scrambling codes
must be planned carefully in network.
The scrambling code is always applied to one 10ms frame

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Air Interface Overview

WCDMA Codes:
In WCDMA two separate codes are used in the spreading operation:
Channelization code
Channelization code is used to distinguish different physical channels of one transmitter
DL: separates different physical channels of one cell
UL: separates different physical channels of one user/UE

Scrambling code
Scrambling code is used to distinguish different transmitters
DL: separates cells in same carrier frequency
UL: separates users in same carrier frequency

Block Diagram:
Data

To be Transmit
Bit Rate

Channelization
Code
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Scrambling Code

Air Interface Overview

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Air Interface Overview

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Air Interface Overview

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Air Interface Overview

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Air Interface Overview

Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals for combining

Reduce the effects of fading
Fast fading caused by multi-path
Slow fading caused by shadowing
Improve the reliability of communication
Increase the coverage and capacity

Diversity techniques:

Time diversity
Frequency diversity
Space diversity
Polarization diversity

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Air Interface Overview

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

 CHAPTER 1:
CHAPTER 2:
CHAPTER 3:

WCDMA Overview and Network Architecture

WCDMA Wireless Overview
Physical Layer and WCDMA Channel

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Physical Layer

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Physical Layer

RAB (Radio Access Bearer) : The service that the access stratum provides to the nonaccess stratum for transfer of user data between User Equipment and CN.

RB (Radio Bearer)
: The service provided by the layer 2 for transfer of user data
between User Equipment and Serving RNC.

RL(Radio Link)
: A "radio link" is a logical association between single User
Equipment and a single UTRAN access point. Its physical realization comprises one or
more radio bearer transmissions.

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Physical Layer

Traffic class

Conversational class
conversational RT

Fundamental
characteristics

Example of the
application

Preserve time
relation (variation)
between information
entities of the
stream
Conversational
pattern (stringent
and low delay )

- voice

Streaming class
streaming RT

Preserve time
relation
(variation)
between
information
entities of the
stream

- streaming video

Interactive class
Interactive best effort

Request
response pattern

Preserve
payload content

- Web browsing

Radio Access Bearers are mapped onto these classes.

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Background
Background best
effort

Destination is
not expecting
the data within
a certain time

Preserve
payload content

- background download of emails

Physical Layer

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Physical Layer

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

WCDMA Channels

Physical Channels

Transmission media.
Two types of physical channels defined in L1: FDD and TDD.
FDD is characterized by frequency, code, I/Q phase
Follow a layered structure of radio frames and time slots

Transport Channels

describes the way information is transferred over the radio interface

Logical Channels
the type of information transferred characterizes a logical channel

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

WCDMA Channels

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

WCDMA Channels

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

WCDMA Channels

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

WCDMA Channels

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

WCDMA Channels

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

WCDMA Channels

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

WCDMA Channels

Synchronization Channel (SCH)

Used for cell search
SCH is transmitted at the first 256 chips of every time slot

Common Pilot Channel(CPICH)

Carries pre-defined sequence

Fixed rate 30Kbps SF=256
The P-CPICH is a phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH.
Only one CPICH per cell
Broadcast over the entire cell

Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH)

Carry BCH transport channel
Fixed rate30kbpsSF=256

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

WCDMA Channels

Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH)

Used to carry the FACH and PCH.
SF =256 - 4.

Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

PICH is a fixed-rate (SF=256) physical channel used to carry the Paging Indicators (PI).

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

WCDMA Channels

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

The Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) is used by the UE to access the network and
to carry small data packets.

Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

The Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) is a common downlink channel used to control the
uplink random accesses.
When the NodeB receives the random access from a mobile, it sends back the signature of
the mobile to grant its access.

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

WCDMA Channels

Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel

DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer
DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1
DPDCH is used to bear data at physical layer. DPCCH provide control data for DPDCH, such
as demodulation, power control etc.

Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel

DCH consists of dedicated data and control information.
The functions of downlink DPDCH/DPCCH are similar with uplink DPDCH/DPCCH..

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

WCDMA Channels

High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)

HS-PDSCH is a downlink physical channel that carries user data and layer 2 overhead bits
mapped from the transport channel: HS-DSCH.
SF=16, can be configured several channels to increase data service

High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)

HS-SCCH is a fixed rate (60 kbps, SF=128) downlink physical channel used to carry downlink
signaling related to HS-DSCH transmission
Carries physical layer signaling to a single UE ,such as:
Modulation scheme (1 bit),
channelization code set (7 bit),
transport block size (6bit),
HARQ process number (3bit),
redundancy version (3bit),
new data indicator (1bit),
UE identity (16bit).

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

WCDMA Channels

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013

Internal use only Nexwave Indonesia @2013