Electric Motors

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What is an electric motor?

An electric motor is an electromagnetic device
that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy

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Motor parts
Enclosure
Stator
Rotor

Bearings
Conduit Box

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Stator Windings
Stationary part of the motor sometimes
referred to as the windings.
Slotted cores made of thin sections of soft
iron are wound with insulated copper wire to
form one or more pairs of magnetic poles.

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Motor Enclosure
Holds parts together
Helps with heat dissipation
In some cases, protects internal components
from the environment.

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Rotor
Rotating part of the motor.
Magnetic field from the stator induces an
opposing magnetic field onto the rotor
causing the rotor to push away from the
stator field.

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Bearings
Sleeve Bearings
Standard on most motors
Quiet
Horizontal shafts only
Oil lubricated
Ball (Roller) Bearings
Support shaft in any position
Grease lubricated
Many come sealed requiring no maintenance
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How works an electric motor?

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Magnetic Induction

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Operating Principle

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Motor vs. Engine

Motors convert electrical energy to
mechanical energy
Engines convert chemical energy to
mechanical energy

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MOTOR TYPES

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Single Phase Motors

Are not self starting
Require a starting mechanism.
Split Phase
The name generally describes its
starting mechanism.
Split Phase
Capacitor Run
Capacitor Start
Capacitor Start-Capacitor Run
Shaded Pole
Capacitor Start / Capacitor Run
Synchronous
Universal
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Three Phase Motors

The AC induction motor is a rotating electric machine designed to operate from a

three-phase source of alternating voltage. The stator is a classic three phase stator
with the winding displaced by 120.

Tree phase power is used where a large quantity of electrical power is required
such as in commercial and industrial applications.

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Horsepower
AC motors manufactured in US are generally
rated in horse power. European equipment is
generally rated in kilowatts

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Motor Power
Output Power
Horsepower
Amount of power motor can produce at
shaft and not reduce life of motor.
Input Power
Kilowatts
Amount of power the motor consumes
to produce the output power

Calculating Required Pump Input Power

0.85% is a good
general number
for efficiency

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Power Rating
Electric motors offer the
horsepower required to drive a
machine, which is typically
referred to as electric motor load.
The most common equation for
power based electric motors on
torque and rotational speed is:
hp = (torque X rpm)/5,250.

E = Voltage

I = Amperage
Pf = Power factor

1 hp = 746 watts

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Operation - speed
The speed of the AC motor depends only on three variables:
The fixed number of winding sets (known as poles) built into the
motor, which determines the motor's base speed.
The frequency of the AC line voltage. Variable speed drives change this
frequency to change the speed of the motor.
The amount of torque loading on the motor, which causes slip.

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Speed vs Torque

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Motor Frame Size

The frame size designation provides information about the motor frame
size, the mounting type, and the dimensions according to the NEMA
standard.
If the nameplate displays a two digit frame number, then the motor is less
than one horsepower; and the frame has its D dimension (distance from
the center of the drive shaft to the center bottom of the mount)
expressed in sixteenths of an inch.
Motors with frame numbers of three digits, indicate a motor of one
horsepower or greater. To calculate the D dimension divide the first two
digits by four. The D dimension of a EF145C frame motor is 14 divided by 4
or 3.5 inches.

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 A is the outside dimension of the base in the end view.

B is the outside base dimension in the side view.
D is the distance between the center of the shaft and the bottom of
the feet.
E is measured from the centerline of the shaft to the center of the
mounting holes in the base.
F is similar to E, except the F dimensions measures the centerline of
the frame to the center of the mounting holes in the side view.
BA measures the center of the mounting hole nearest to the end of
the shaft to the beginning of the usable shaft.
U measures the diameter of the shaft.
V is the dimension for the usable length of the shaft.

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NEMA Motor Frame Dimensions

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Motor Nameplate
The NEC states that the motor nameplate
must show the following information:

Rated voltage or voltages

Rated full-load amps for each voltage level
Frequency
Phase
Rated full-load speed
Insulation class and rated ambient temperature
Rated horsepower
Time rating
Locked-rotor code letter
Manufacturer's name and address

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Motor Nameplate

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Service Factor
Motor service Factor (SF) is the percentage of overloading the motor can
handle for short periods when operating normally.

Generally, electric motor service factors:

Handle a known overload, which is occasional.
Provide a factor of safety where the environment or service condition is not
well defined, especially for general-purpose electric motors.
Obtain cooler-than-normal electric motor operation at rated load, thus
lengthening insulation life.

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Insulation Class
The insulation class describes a motors ability
to withstand temperatures over time

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Motor Design
DESIGN A, B, C, D FOR AC MOTORS
NEMA has standard motor designs
with various torque characteristics to
meet specific requirements posed by
different application loads. The design
"B" is the most common design

NEMA
DESIGN

STARTING
TORQUE

STARTING
CURRENT

BREAKDOWN
TORQUE

FULL LOAD
SLIP

TYPICAL
APPLICATIONS

Normal

High

High

Low

Mach. Tools, Fans

Normal

Normal

Normal

Normal

Same as Design "A"

High

Normal

Low

Normal

Loaded compressor
Loaded conveyor

Very High

Low

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High

Punch Press

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Design Code Rating

AC motors that are started at
full voltage will draw a greater
current (amps) than during
normal operations. This is
commonly referred to as inrush
current or starting current.
These codes represent a range
of inrush current.

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Temperature Codes

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Standard vs Premium Efficiency

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Voltage

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Power Supply Frequency

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Voltage and Frequency

Induction motors are at times operated on circuits of voltage or frequency other than those
for which the motors are rated. Under such conditions, the performance of the motor will
vary from the rating. The following is a brief statement of some operating results caused by
small variations of voltage and frequency and is indicative of the general changes produced
by such variations in operating conditions.

With a 10 percent increase or decrease in voltage from that given on the nameplate, the heating at rated horsepower
load may increase. Such operation for extended periods of time may accelerate the deterioration of the insulation
system.

In a motor of normal characteristics at full rated horsepower load, a 10 percent increase of voltage above that given
on the nameplate would usually result in a decided lowering in power factor. A 10 percent decrease of voltage below
that given on the nameplate would usually give an increase in power factor.

The locked-rotor and breakdown torque will be proportional to the square of the voltage applied.

An increase of 10 percent in voltage will result in a decrease of slip of about 17 percent, while a reduction of 10
percent will increase the slip about 21 percent. Thus, if the slip at rated voltage were 5 percent, it would be increased
to 6.05 percent if the voltage were reduced 10 percent.

A frequency higher than the rated frequency usually improves the power factor but decreases locked-rotor torque and
increases the speed and friction and windage loss. At a frequency lower than the rated frequency, the speed is
decreased, locked-rotor torque is increased, and power factor is decreased. For certain kinds of motor load, such as in
textile mills, close frequency regulation is essential.

If variation in both voltage and frequency occur simultaneously, the effect will be superimposed. Thus, if the voltage is
high and the frequency low, the locked-rotor torque will be greatly increased, but the power factor will be decreased
and the temperature rise increased with normal load.

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Coupling

Frame size
Shaft size motor and pump
Shaft type motor and pump
Shaft length motor + pump +

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Shaft up Shaft Down

Moisture Kills Motors
Drip covers, shaft down
Slingers, Shaft up
Vents and drains
Internal heaters

Are the bearings designed

For the application
Fans vs Pumps

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Questions?

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