Palestine Polytechnic University

Engineering & Technology Collage

Electrical &Computer Department
Biomedical Engineering Program
Biomedical Eng Lab (II)

Blood Gas Analysis and Analyzer

(BME Lab 2)

Blood Gas Analysis

Blood gas analysis evaluates;
how effectively the lungs are delivering
oxygen to the blood and how efficiently
they are eliminating carbon dioxide from it.
how well the lungs and kidneys are
interacting to maintain normal blood pH
(acid-base balance).

Blood Gas Analysis

Blood Gas Analyzer Measure the following Parameter
pH
PO2

Acid Degree
Partial pressure of oxygen in blood

PCO2

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in

blood

cK

Potassium Concentration

Na
Glu
Ct Bil

Sodium Concentration
Glucose
Total Bilirubin

pH
CO2 + H2O
H2CO3
H+ + HCO3Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
pH = pKa + log

pH = 6.1 + log
pH = 6.1 + log

pH = 6.1 + log
pH = 7.4

[HCO3

-]

[H2CO3]

[HCO3-]
[0.03 x PCO2]
24
1.2
20

1.3

[H2O + CO2]
[t x PCO2]

pH
PH value for Human Blood

state

pH

Normal

7.35 - 7.45

Acidosis

< 7.35

Alkalosis

>7.45

PO2
PH value for Human Blood

State

PO2 (mm Hg)

Normal

80 -100

Hypoxemia

< 80

Hyperoxemia

>120

pH
pH electrode is constructed of two half cells,
which develop an electrical potential when
connected together
Reference electrode maintains a constant
potential and is bathed in KCl
Glass electrode (Sanz electrode) develops an
electrical potential that is proportional to the
amount of H+ present

Blood Gas Analyzer Block Diagram

Blood Gas Analyzer

Calibrator
Gas

Standard
Buffers

High O2
Low CO2

Microprocessor

Low O2
High CO2

Display/Printer

Water bath
37oC

High pH
Low pH

E1

V
Sample
Probe

pH

PO2

E3

Pump

Chamber
E2

PCO2

E4

Reference for pH

Electrodes Principle operation

Glass pH electrode
A - pH sensor
B - reference half-cell
C - combination pH electrode
(A + B)
d - seal
e - internal filling solution
f - internal reference electrode
g - external filling solution
h - pH-sensitive glass
membrane
i - internal liquid junction
j - external liquid junction
k - fill hole

Electrodes Shape in BGA Device

Electrodes Shape in BGA Device

Electrodes Shape in BGA Device

BGA Device

Blood Gas Analyzer

BGA, BGE, BGA plus E
Oximeter
Tonometer
Ion selective electrodes (ISE)

Oximeter

% Oxyhemoglobin

CO-Oximeter

% Carboxyhemoglobin

Tonometer

A new dimension in non-invasive patient monitoring

Continuous real-time CO2 partial pressure

measurement combined with state-of-the-art pulse
oximetry in a single non-invasive digital sensor.

EasyBloodGas
(MEDICA)

Common Problems with Blood gas /PH analyzers

includes
1-Out-of-date buffer solutions.
2-No calibration gas .
3-Poor Flushing .
4-Not taking the time to properly warm up the analyzer.
5- Bad electrode .