DC MOTOR

Soedibyo

References

1. Theraja, B. L., Electrical Technology, S. Chand

& Company Ltd., 1978.
2. Schmidt-Walter, H., Kories, R., Electrical
Engineering: A Pocket Reference, Artech House
Inc., 2007.

DC Motors Outlines
10:

.Dc motor:
..dc motor parts & works
..back emf
..motor equivalent circuit
..characteristics of dc motor: Ta~Ia and n~E/
.Dc shunt motor:
..characteristics of dc shunt motor
..speed control of dc shunt motor: n ~ (V IaRa)/

11:

.Dc series & compound motor

.speed control of dc series motor
.Braking & starting of dc motor
.Dc motor power stages

12:

dc motor parts

How dc motor works

V E = IaRa

motor equivalent circuit

Ra
Rf

Ff

Ia
E

Vf If
4

dc motor parts

How dc motor works

V E = IaRa

motor equivalent circuit

Ra
Rf

Ff

Ia
E

Vf If
5

Review: dc shunt motor

Ff

Ta/Ia characteristic

Ta

Ia/n characteristic

Ta/n characteristic

Ia

Ta

Nominal
point

No-load
operation

Ia

DC Series Motor
Fs
V

.field winding is connected in series to

the armature winding.
.this causes the magnetic flux to be
proportional to the armature
current -> ~ Ia
which leads to a very high torque for
high load currents.

Characteristics of DC Series Motor (1)

*While discussing motor characteristics,
these should be kept in mind*:

Ta/Ia characteristic
Ta

Ta~Ia and n~E/

.As field windings also carry

the armature current, ~Ia
up to the point of saturation.
.Hence, before saturation:

Ta~Ia -> Ta~Ia2

Ia
.After saturation, is almost
independent of Ia -> Ta~Ia

Characteristics of DC Series Motor (2)

Ia

n/Ia characteristic

In

n/Ta characteristic
Ta

Starting point

Nominal point

nn

n~E/

n
.Its starting torque is very high.
.For no-load operation the series motor
reached very high speeds.

.Ia , .
Hence, n (speed varies inversely
as Ia)
(change of E for various load current
is small and may be neglected.)

. the motor will be severely damaged due

to centrifugal force.
. some type of protection: A centrifugal
switch can be connected to the motor to
de-energize the motor starter coil if the
rpm exceeds the set amount. Other
sensors can be used to de-energize the
circuit if the motor's current drops while full9
voltage is applied to the motor.

DC Series Motor Speed Control (1):

Flux Control Method
E
n~
F
a. Field Divertors

b. Armature Divertors

c. Tapped Field Control

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DC Series Motor Speed Control (2):

Variable Resistance in Series with Motor
n~

E
F

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Comparison of Shunt & Series Motors (1)

Ta/n characteristic

Shunt
.speed of motor is sufficiently constant.
.for the same input current, its starting torque is not as
high as that of a series motor.

Ta

Nominal
point

No-load
operation

Hence its used:

.when the speed has to be maintained constant from noload to full-load, i.e. for driving a line of shafting.

.when its required to drive the load at adjustable speeds

.Lathes, centrifugal pumps, blowers & fans,

Battery fan

Battery blower

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Comparison of Shunt & Series Motors (2)

Ta

Series
.high starting torque
.low speed at high loads & dangerously high speed
at low loads.

Hence its used:

.when a large starting torque is required i.e. for
driving hoists, cranes, trams, starter motor.

hoist

cranes

Dinamo starter /
Motorcycle
starter motor

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**DC Compound Motor (1)

.Shunt motor can provide smooth operation
at full speed, but it cannot start with a
large load attached.

Fs

Ff

V
.Series motor can start with a heavy load, but
its speed cannot be easily controlled.
.The cumulative compound motor takes the
best characteristics of both the series
motor and shunt motor, which makes it
acceptable for most applications.

Such machines are also used:

where series characteristics are required and
where, in addition, the load is likely to be removed totally.
Due to shunt windings, speed wont become excessively high.
But due to series windings, it will be able to take heavy loads.

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**DC Compound Motor (2)

Fs

Ff

.The machine has two field windings: One

connected in series; the other in
parallel.
.Due to shunt windings, speed wont become
excessively high.
.But due to series windings, it will be able to
take heavy loads.
.The characteristics lie between those of
shunt and series motor.

.cumulative compound:
series excitation helps shunt excitation.
.differential compound:
series excitation opposes shunt excitation.
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http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/ph/p/id/39

Comparison of DC Motors
Cumulative Compound
Used when:
.series characteristic is needed & the load is likely to be
removed totally, such as: in some types of coal cutting
machines.

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17

Battery drill

Battery screwdriver
**For instance, an electric screwdriver
has a very large gear reduction because
it needs lots of torque to turn screws,
but the motor only produces a small
amount of torque at a high speed. With
a gear reduction, the output speed can
be reduced while the torque is
increased.

Battery toothbrush

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-Ende24-12
24-23
25-16

19

-Ende-

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**DC Series Motor Speed Control (2):

Variable Resistance in Series with Motor
n~

E
F

.By increasing the resistance in series with

the armature, the voltage applied across the
armature terminals can be decreased.
.With reduced voltage across the armature,
the speed is reduced.
.However, it will be noted that since full motor
current passes through this resistance, there
is a loss in it.

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 A lathe (pronounced IPA: /le/) is a

machine tool which spins a block of material
to perform various operations such as
cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or
deformation with tools that are applied to the
workpiece to create an object which has
symmetry about an axis of rotation.
Lathes are used in woodturning,
metalworking, metal spinning, and
glassworking. Lathes can be used to shape
pottery, the best-known design being the
potter's wheel. Most suitably equipped
metalworking lathes can also be used to
produce most solids of revolution, plane
surfaces and screw threads or helices.
Ornamental lathes can produce threedimensional solids of incredible complexity.
The material is held in place by either one or
two centers, at least one of which can be
moved horizontally to accommodate varying
material lengths. Examples of objects that
can be produced on a lathe include
candlestick holders, cue sticks, table legs,
bowls, baseball bats, crankshafts and
camshafts.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathes

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