Startherech

Chapter
11
The Muscular
System
PowerPoint Lecture Slides
prepared by Jason LaPres
Lone Star College - North Harris
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,

publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
An Introduction to the Muscular System

The Muscular System
Consists only of skeletal muscles
Muscle Organization and Function

Muscle organization affects power, range, and speed
of muscle movement
Fascicles
Muscle cells (fibers) are organized in bundles (fascicles)
Fascicle Arrangement
Classification of Skeletal Muscles
By the way fascicles are organized
By relationships of fascicles to tendons
Organization of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Four patterns of fascicle organization
Parallel
Convergent
Pennate
Circular
Parallel Muscles
Fibers parallel to the long axis of muscle
For example, biceps brachii
Depends on total number of myofibrils
Directly relates to cross section of muscle
1 in.2 (6.45 cm2) of cross section develops 50 lb (23
kg) of tension
[INSERT FIG. 11.1a]
Figure 111a Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.

Convergent Muscles
A broad area converges on attachment site
(tendon, aponeurosis, or raphe)
Muscle fibers pull in different directions,

depending on stimulation
For example, pectoralis muscles
[INSERT FIG. 11.1b]
Figure 111b Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.

Pennate Muscles
Form an angle with the tendon
Do not move as far as parallel muscles
Contain more myofibrils than parallel muscles
Develop more tension than parallel muscles
Pennate Muscles
Unipennate
Fibers on one side of tendon
For example, extensor digitorum
Bipennate
Fibers on both sides of tendon
For example, rectus femoris
Multipennate
Tendon branches within muscle
For example, deltoid
[INSERT FIG. 11.1c, d, e]
Figure 111c, d, e Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle

Organization.
Circular Muscles
Also called sphincters
Open and close to guard entrances of body
For example, orbicularis oris muscle of the
mouth
Figure 111f Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.

Levers
Skeletal Motion
Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce
motion
Type of muscle attachment affects power,

range, and speed of muscle movement
Levers
Levers
Mechanically, each bone is a lever (a rigid,
moving structure)
And each joint a fulcrum (a fixed point)
Muscles provide applied force (AF)

Required to overcome resistance (R)
Levers
Function of a lever is to change
Direction of an AF
Distance and speed of movement produced by an AF
Effective strength of an AF
The Three Classes of Levers

Depend on the relationship between applied force,
fulcrum, and resistance
First class, second class, and third class
Levers
First-Class Lever
Seesaw or teeter-totter is an example
Center fulcrum between applied force and
resistance
Force and resistance are balanced
Levers
[INSERT FIG. 11.2a]
Figure 112a The Three Classes of Levers.

Levers
Second-Class Levers
Wheelbarrow is an example
Center resistance between applied force and
fulcrum
A small force moves a large weight
Levers
[INSERT FIG. 11.2b]
Figure 112b The Three Classes of Levers.

Levers
Third-Class Levers
Most common levers in the body
Center applied force between resistance and fulcrum
Greater force moves smaller resistance
Maximizes speed and distance traveled
First, Second, and Third-Class Levers

Levers
[INSERT FIG. 11.2c]
Figure 112c The Three Classes of Levers.

Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues

Origins and Insertions
Muscles have one fixed point of attachment
(origin) and one moving point of attachment
(insertion)
Most muscles originate or insert on the
skeleton
Origin is usually proximal to insertion

Actions
Movements produced by muscle contraction
Body movements
For example, flexion, extension, adduction, etc.
Described in terms of bone, joint, or region

Muscle Interactions
Muscles work in groups to maximize
efficiency
Smaller muscles reach maximum tension first,

followed by larger, primary muscles

Muscle Terminology Based on Function
Agonist (or prime mover)
Produces a particular movement
Antagonist
Opposes movement of a particular agonist
Synergist
A smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist
Helps start motion or stabilize origin of agonist (fixator)

Muscle Opposition
Agonists and antagonists work in pairs:
When one contracts, the other stretches
Such as flexorsextensors, abductorsadductors,

etc.
Naming Skeletal Muscles

Names of Skeletal Muscles
Correct names of muscles include the term
muscle
Exceptions
Platysma
Diaphragm

Descriptive Names for Skeletal Muscles
Location in the body
Origin and insertion
Fascicle organization
Relative position
Structural characteristics
Action

Location in the Body
Identifies body regions
For example, temporalis muscle
Origin and Insertion

First part of name indicates origin
Second part of name indicates insertion

For example, genioglossus muscle

Fascicle Organization
Describes fascicle orientation within muscle
i.e., rectus (straight), transversus, oblique

Relative Position
Externus (superficialis)
Visible at body surface
Internus (profundus)
Deep muscles
Extrinsic
Muscles outside an organ
Intrinsic
Muscles inside an organ

Structural Characteristics
Number of tendons
bi = 2, tri = 3
Shape
Trapezius, deltoid, rhomboid
Size
Many terms refer to muscle size

Descriptive Terms for Muscle Size
Longus = long
Longissimus = longest
Teres = long and round
Brevis = short
Magnus = large
Major = larger
Maximus = largest
Minor = small
Minimus = smallest

Action
Movements
For example, flexor, extensor, retractor
Occupations or habits
For example, risor = laughter
[INSERT Table. 11.1-please use 2 slides if

necessary]
[INSERT Table. 11.1-please use 2 slides if

necessary]
Muscular System Overview

Divisions of the Muscular System
Axial muscles
Position head and spinal column
Move rib cage
60% of skeletal muscles
Appendicular muscles
Support pectoral and pelvic girdles
Support limbs
40% of skeletal muscles
Figure 113a An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles.

Figure 113a An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles.

Figure 113b An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles.

Figure 113b An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles.

Axial Musculature
The Axial Muscles
Divisions based on location and function
Muscles of head and neck
Muscles of vertebral column

Oblique and rectus muscles
Muscles of pelvic floor
Axial Musculature
Six Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck
Muscles of facial expression
Originate on skull
Extrinsic eye muscles

Originate on surface of orbit
Control position of eye
Muscles of mastication
Move the mandible
Muscles of the tongue

Names end in glossus
Axial Musculature
Six Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck
Muscles of the pharynx
Begin swallowing process
Anterior muscles of the neck

Control position of larynx
Depress the mandible
Support tongue and pharynx
3D Peel-Away of Muscles of the Head and Neck

Axial Musculature
Muscles of Facial Expression
Orbicularis oris: constricts the mouth opening
Buccinator: moves food around the cheeks
Muscles of the epicranium (scalp)
Buccinator
Axial Musculature
Muscles of Facial Expression
Muscles of the epicranium (scalp)
Temporoparietalis
Occipitofrontalis
Frontal and occipital bellies
Separated by epicranial aponeurosis
Platysma
Covers anterior surface of neck
Axial Musculature
Figure 114a Muscles of Facial Expression.
Axial Musculature
Figure 114b Muscles of Facial Expression.
Axial Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.2- please split onto 2

slides if necessary]
Axial Musculature

Axial Musculature

Axial Musculature
Six Extrinsic Eye Muscles (Extra ocular)
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
Superior rectus
Lateral rectus
Inferior oblique
Superior oblique
Axial Musculature
Figure 115a,b Extrinsic Eye Muscles.

Axial Musculature
Figure 115c, d Extrinsic Eye Muscles.

Axial Musculature
Axial Musculature
Muscles of Mastication
Masseter
The strongest jaw muscle
Temporalis
Helps lift the mandible
Pterygoid muscles
Positions mandible for chewing
Masseter
Temporalis
Axial Musculature
Figure 116a Muscles of Mastication.

Axial Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.6b]
Figure 116b Muscles of Mastication.

Axial Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.4]
Axial Musculature
Muscles of the Tongue
Palatoglossus
Originates at palate
Styloglossus
Originates at styloid process
Genioglossus
Originates at chin
Hypoglossus
Originates at hyoid bone
Axial Musculature
Figure 117 Muscles of the Tongue.

Axial Musculature
Axial Musculature
Muscles of the Pharynx
Pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Move food into esophagus
Laryngeal elevator muscles

Elevate the larynx
Palatal muscles
Lift the soft palate
Axial Musculature
Figure 118 Muscles of the Pharynx.

Axial Musculature
Axial Musculature
Anterior Muscles of the Neck
Digastric
From chin to hyoid
And hyoid to mastoid
Mylohyoid
Floor of the mouth
Geniohyoid
Between hyoid and chin
Axial Musculature
Anterior Muscles of the Neck
Stylohyoid
Between hyloid and styloid
Sternocleidomastoid
From clavicle and sternum to mastoid
Omohyoid
Attaches scapula, clavicle, first rib, and hyoid
Axial Musculature
Figure 119a Muscles of the Anterior Neck.

Axial Musculature
Figure 119b Muscles of the Anterior Neck.

Axial Musculature
Axial Musculature
Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Spinal extensors or erector spinae muscles
(superficial and deep)
Spinal flexors (transversospinalis)
Axial Musculature
Superficial Spinal Extensors
Spinalis group
Longissimus group
Iliocostalis group
Longissimus
Spinalis
Iliocostalis
Axial Musculature
Deep Spinal Extensors
Semispinalis group
Multifidus muscle
Interspinalis muscles
Intertransversarii muscles
Rotatores muscles
SemispinalisCapitus
Axial Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.10a]
Figure 1110a Muscles of the Vertebral Column.

Axial Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.10c]
Figure 1110c Muscles of the Vertebral Column.

Axial Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.8 (top portion)]
Axial Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.8 (middle portion)]
Axial Musculature
Spinal flexors
Neck
Longus capitis and longus colli
Rotate and flex the neck
Lumbar
Quadratus lumborum muscles
Flex spine and depress ribs
Axial Musculature
[INSERT FIG. 11.10b]
Figure 1110b Muscles of the Vertebral Column.

Axial Musculature
Figure 1110a Muscles of the Vertebral Column.

Axial Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.8 (bottom portion)]
Axial Musculature
Oblique and Rectus Muscles
Lie within the body wall
Oblique muscles
Compress underlying structures
Rotate vertebral column
Rectus muscles
Flex vertebral column
Oppose erector spinae
Axial Musculature
Oblique Muscles
Cervical region
Scalene muscles
Flex the neck
Thoracic region
Intercostal muscles (external and internal)
Respiratory movements of ribs
Transversus thoracis
Cross inner surface of ribs
Internal Intercostals
External Intercostals
Axial Musculature
Oblique Muscles
Abdominopelvic region (same pattern as
thoracic)
External oblique muscles
Internal oblique muscles
Transversus abdominis
External Obliques
Transversus Abdominis
Internal Obliques
Axial Musculature
Rectus Muscles
Rectus abdominis
Between xiphoid process and pubic symphysis
Divided longitudinally by linea alba
Divided transversely by tendinous inscriptions
Diaphragmatic muscle or diaphragm

Divides thoracic and abdominal cavities
Performs respiration
Rectus Abdominis
Axial Musculature
Figure 1111a Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm.

Axial Musculature
Figure 1111b Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm.

Axial Musculature
Figure 1111c Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm.

Axial Musculature
[INSERT Table. 11.9-please split onto 2

Axial Musculature

Axial Musculature
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
Functions of pelvic floor muscles
Support organs of pelvic cavity
Flex sacrum and coccyx
Control movement of materials through urethra and anus
Axial Musculature
Perineum
Muscular sheet forming the pelvic floor, divided
into
Anterior urogenital triangle
Posterior anal triangle
Axial Musculature
Perineum
Urogenital diaphragm
Deep muscular layer between pubic bones
Supports the pelvic floor
And muscles of the urethra
Superficial muscles of the urogenital triangle

Support external genitalia
Axial Musculature
Perineum
Pelvic diaphragm
Deep muscular layer extending to pubis
Supports anal triangle
Axial Musculature
Figure 1112a Muscles of the Pelvic Floor.

Axial Musculature
Figure 1112b Muscles of the Pelvic Floor.

Axial Musculature

Axial Musculature

Appendicular Musculature
Position and stabilize pectoral and pelvic
girdles
Move upper and lower limbs
Divisions of Appendicular Muscles
Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs
Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs
Figure 1113a An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk.

Figure 1113b An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk.

Muscles of the Shoulders and Upper
Limbs
Position the pectoral girdle
Move the arm
Move the forearm and hand
Move the hand and fingers
Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle
Trapezius
Superficial
Covers back and neck to base of skull

Inserts on clavicles and scapular spines
Trapezius
Rhomboid and levator scapulae
Deep to trapezius
Attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae
Insert on scapular border
Rhomboid Minor
Rhomboid Major
Levator Scapulae
Figure 1114a Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle.

Serratus anterior
On the chest
Originates along ribs
Inserts on anterior scapular margin
Serratus Anterior
Subclavius
Originates on ribs
Inserts on clavicle
Pectoralis minor
Attaches to scapula
Pectoralis Minor
Figure 1114b Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle.

Muscles That Move the Arm
Deltoid
The major abductor
Supraspinatus
Assists deltoid
Supraspinatus
Subscapularis and Teres major
Produce medial rotation at shoulder
Subscapularis
Teres Major
Figure 1115a Muscles That Move the Arm.
Infraspinatus and teres minor
Produce lateral rotation at shoulder
Coracobrachialis
Attaches to scapula
Produces flexion and adduction at shoulder
Infraspinatus
Figure 1115b(Part 1 of 2) Muscles That Move the Arm.

Pectoralis major
Between anterior chest and greater tubercle of humerus
Produces flexion at shoulder joint
Latissimus dorsi
Between thoracic vertebrae and humerus
Produces extension at shoulder joint
Pectoralis Major
Latissimus Dorsi
The Rotator Cuff
Muscles involved in shoulder rotation
Supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres
minor, and their tendons
Teres Minor
Figure 1115a (Part 1 of 2) Muscles That Move the Arm.

Figure 1115b Muscles That Move the Arm.

Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand
Originate on humerus and insert on forearm
Exceptions
The major flexor (biceps brachii)
The major extensor (triceps brachii)
Extensors
Mainly on posterior and lateral surfaces of arm
Flexors
Mainly on anterior and medial surfaces
Flexors of the Elbow
Biceps brachii
Flexes elbow
Stabilizes shoulder joint
Originates on scapula
Inserts on radial tuberosity
Brachialis and brachioradialis

Flex elbow
Biceps Brachii
Figure 1116a Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand.

Extensors of the Elbow
Triceps brachii
Extends elbow
Originates on scapula
Inserts on olecranon
Anconeus
Opposes brachialis
Triceps Brachii
Figure 1116b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand.

[INSERT Table. 11.13 top portion]
Flexors of the Wrist
Palmaris longus
Superficial
Flexes wrist
Flexor carpi ulnaris

Superficial
Flexes wrist
Adducts wrist
Flexor carpi radialis

Superficial
Flexes wrist
Abducts wrist
Extensors of the Wrist
Extensor carpi radialis
Superficial
Extends wrist
Abducts wrist
Extensor carpi ulnaris

Superficial
Extends wrist
Adducts wrist


[INSERT Table. 11.13 bottom portion]
Pronation and supination
Pronator teres and supinator
Originate on humerus and ulna
Rotate radius
Pronator quadratus
Originates on ulna
Assists pronator teres


[INSERT Table. 11.13 middle portion]
Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers
Also called extrinsic muscles of the hand
Lie entirely within forearm
Only tendons cross wrist (in synovial tendon
sheaths)
Muscles that Move the Hand and Fingers
Tendon sheaths
Extensor retinaculum
Wide band of connective tissue
Posterior surface of wrist

Stabilizes tendons of extensor muscles
Flexor retinaculum:
Anterior surface of wrist
Stabilizes tendons of flexor muscles
Figure 1117a Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers.

Figure 1117b Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers.

Figure 1117c Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers.

[INSERT FIG. 11.18d]
Figure 1117d Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers.

The Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Muscles that move the metacarpals and
phalanges and originate and insert only on
those bones
Figure 1118a Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand.

Figure 1118b Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand.

Muscles of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
Pelvic girdle is tightly bound to axial skeleton
Permits little movement
Has few muscles
Muscles That Position the Lower Limbs
Muscles that move the thigh
Muscles that move the leg
Muscles that move the foot and toes
Muscles That Move the Thigh
Gluteal muscles
Lateral rotators
Adductors
Iliopsoas
3D Peel-Away of Muscles of the Thigh

Figure 1119a Muscles That Move the Thigh.

Muscles That Move the Thigh: Gluteal Muscles
Cover lateral surfaces of ilia
Gluteus maximus
Largest, most posterior gluteal muscle
Produces extension and lateral rotation at hip
Tensor fasciae latae

Works with gluteus maximus
Stabilizes iliotibial tract
Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

Originate anterior to gluteus maximus
Insert on trochanter
Figure 1119b Muscles That Move the Thigh.

Muscles That Move the Thigh
Lateral rotators
Group of six muscles, including
Piriformis
Obturator
Figure 1119c Muscles That Move the Thigh.

[INSERT Table. 11.16 2nd section]
Muscles That Move the Thigh: Adductors
Adductor magnus
Produces adduction, extension, and flexion
Adductor brevis
Hip flexion and adduction
Adductor longus
Pectineus
Gracilis
Figure 1120b Muscles That Move the Leg.

Figure 1119d Muscles That Move the Thigh.

[INSERT Table. 11.16 3rd section]
Muscles That Move the Thigh: Iliopsoas
Two hip flexors insert on the same tendon
Psoas major
Iliacus
Iliopsoas
Figure 1119d Muscles That Move the Thigh.

[INSERT Table. 11.16 bottom]
Muscles That Move the Leg
Flexors of the knee
Originate on the pelvic girdle
Extensors of the knee

Originate on the femoral surface
Insert on the patella
Flexors of the Knee
Hamstrings
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Sartorius
Originates superior to the acetabulum
Popliteus
Rotates the tibia to unlock the knee
Figure 1120a Muscles That Move the Leg.

Muscles That Move the Leg
Extensors of the knee
Four muscles of the quadriceps femoris
Three vastus muscles
Rectus femoris muscle
Figure 1120b Muscles That Move the Leg.

[INSERT Table. 11.17 bottom]
Figure 1120c Muscles That Move the Leg.

Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes
Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes include
Muscles that produce extension at the ankle
Muscles that produce flexion at the ankle
Muscles that produce extension at the toes
Muscles that produce flexion at the toes
Four Muscles That Produce Extension (plantar
flexion) at the Ankle

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Fibularis (group)
Tibialis posterior
3D Peel-Away of Muscles of the Leg and Foot

Figure 1121a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
Figure 1121b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes
The Achilles Tendon
The calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)
Shared by the gastrocnemius and soleus
Muscles That Produce Flexion
(Dorsiflexsion) at the Ankle

Tibialis anterior
Opposes the gastrocnemius
Muscles That Produce Extension at the
Toes
Extensor digitorum longum
Extensor hallucis longus

Extensor retinacula: fibrous sheaths hold tendons
of toes as they cross the ankle
Figure 1121b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
Figure 1121d Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
Muscles That Produce Flexion at the Toes
Flexor digitorum longum
Flexor hallucis longus
Oppose the extensors
Figure 1121c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
The Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
Muscles that move the tarsals, metatarsals,
and phalanges and originate and insert only
on those bones
Figure 1122a Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot.

Figure 1122b Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot.

Figure 1122c Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot.

Effects of Aging on the Muscular System

Skeletal muscle fibers become smaller in
diameter
Skeletal muscles become less elastic
Develop increasing amounts of fibrous tissue
(fibrosis)
Decreased tolerance for exercise
Decreased ability to recover from

muscular injuries
Effects of Aging on the Muscular System
Figure 1123 Musculoskeletal Compartments.


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Chapter

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,

An Introduction to the Muscular System

Muscle Organization and Function

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

[INSERT FIG. 11.1a]

Figure 111a Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.

Muscle fibers pull in different directions,

For example, pectoralis muscles

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

[INSERT FIG. 11.1b]

Figure 111b Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

[INSERT FIG. 11.1c, d, e]

Figure 111c, d, e Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Figure 111f Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organization.

Type of muscle attachment affects power,

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Muscles provide applied force (AF)

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Three Classes of Levers

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

[INSERT FIG. 11.2a]

Figure 112a The Three Classes of Levers.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

[INSERT FIG. 11.2b]

Figure 112b The Three Classes of Levers.

First, Second, and Third-Class Levers

[INSERT FIG. 11.2c]

Figure 112c The Three Classes of Levers.

Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues

Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues

Described in terms of bone, joint, or region

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues

Smaller muscles reach maximum tension first,

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues

Such as flexorsextensors, abductorsadductors,

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Naming Skeletal Muscles

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Naming Skeletal Muscles

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Naming Skeletal Muscles

Origin and Insertion

Second part of name indicates insertion

Naming Skeletal Muscles

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Naming Skeletal Muscles

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Naming Skeletal Muscles

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Naming Skeletal Muscles

Naming Skeletal Muscles

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings