ALAT PELINDUNG DIRI

A. Siswanto
2010
1

ALAT PELINDUNG DIRI

Personal Protective Equipment

A successful PPE
program requires
strong management
commitment and
workers participation.

10

Management
commitment and
worker involvement
are complementary
and essential
elements of an
effective safety and
health management
system
11

OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND
HEALTH IS
EVERYBODYS
RESPONSIBILITY

INCLUDING YOURS

12

IT IS BETTER SAFE THAN

SORRY

PPE is the Last Line of Defence

14

PPE are usually used :

As an interim measure,
before more effective
controls can be
established.
If other controls are
impossible or not
completely effective.
During maintenance or
clean up and in
emergencies.
15

Penggunaan APD
Identifikasi & evaluasi

potensi bahaya
Pemilihan yang tepat
& kesesuaian
Diklat
Pemeliharaan
Kesadaran
Manajemen & pekerja

Use of PPE can be an effective part of the

health and safety program in the workplace. But
it will only work if it is :
Selected carefully
Used and maintained properly

Monitor carefully.

 PPE is often uncomfortable, making it difficult to

work effectively.
This make cause stress, increase the time spent
working in dangerous environments, and make it
less likely that PPE will be used to the full extent
it should be.

Oxygen Deficiency
Oxygen deficiency in the confined space which
may be caused by :
a. Slow oxidation reactions of either organic or
inorganic substances.
b. Rapid oxidation (combustion).
c. The dilution of air with inert gas.
d. Absorption by grains, chemicals or soils.
e. Physical activity.

19

The process of using PPE can be summarized

as follows :
1. The manager identifies the hazards;
2. Matches the PPE to the particular hazard;
3. Convinces workers to use the PPE,
reminding them of the chances they would
be taking if they worked in the presence of a
hazard without appropriate protection.

Protective clothing and devices need to be

carefully selected to meet the following
requirements :
1. They must give adequate protection against
the specific hazard or hazards to which the
worker will be exposed.
2. Clothing should be of minimum weight cause
minimum discomfort compatible with
protective efficiency.
3. Attachment to the body should be flexible but
effective.

Protective Clothing(contd)
4. The weight should be carried by a part of the
body well able to support it.
5. The wearer should not be restricted in movement
or sensory perception essential to the job.
6. Clothing should be attractive.
7. They should be durable.
8. Parts should be accessible so that they can be
adequately inspected and maintained on the
premises by the staff of the organization using
them.

Comfort and appearance are critical factors in

ensuring that equipment will be used.

Where possible, workers should be allowed to

make their own selection from a range of
equipment that provides the required level of
protection.

 Tidak semua APD telah dilakukan pengujian

laboratoris sehingga tidak diketahui tingkat

proteksinya.
Tidak nyaman sehingga si pemakai enggan
menggunakannya.
APD dapat menciptakan bahaya baru
Perlindungan yang diberikan APD sulit untuk
dimonitor.

 Kewajiban pemeliharaan APD dialihkan dari

pihak manajemen ke pekerja

Efektifitas APD sangat tergantung good fit pada

pekerja
Kepercayaan pada APD akan menghambat

pengembangan kontrol teknologi yang lebih

dianjurkan.

Melindungi kepala dari :

Rambut pekerja terjerat oleh mesin.
Bahaya terbentur benda tajam atau keras yang
dapat menyebabkan luka gores, memar atau
luka tusuk.
Bahaya kejatuhan benda-benda atau terpukul
oleh benda-benda yang melayang atau
meluncur di udara.
Panas radiasi, api, dan percikan bahan-bahan
kimia korosif.

Jenis Alat Pelindung Kepala

Safety helmet (hard hat)

Dipakai untuk melindungi kepala dari bahaya

kejatuhan, terbentur, dan terpukul oleh benda
keras atau tajam
Hood
Digunakan untuk melindungi kepala dari bahaya
bahan kimia, api, dan panas radiasi yang tinggi.
Hair cap (hair guard)
Digunakan untuk melindungi kepala dari
kotoran/debu dan melindungi rambut dari bahaya
terjerat oleh mesin yang berputar.

Alat Pelindung Kepala

Helm
Melindungi kepala dari benda keras, pukulan
dan benturan, terjatuh dan terkena arus listrik

Tutup Kepala
Melindungi kepala dari kebakaran ,korosi ,
panas / dingin

Hats / Cap
Melindungi kepala dari kotoran dan debu

HELMET

1. ABS (Acrylic Butyl Styrene)

Bahan yang keras dan padat
Keunggulan : Tahan terhadap Benturan
Kelemahan : Kurang tahan terhadap panas
(80-90 Derajat Celcius)
2. Polyethelene ( PE )
Keunggulan : Tahan panas (110 Derajat C)
Kelemahan : Kurang tahan terhadap benturan

Identifying different parts of the helmets (Assembled)

Accessories slot

Emboss

Clock system for

month & year

Peak

Emboss with 1) CE and

PSB mark 2)
Manufacturing month
and year 3) Material
type
Sweatband

Nylon
harness
User sticker pasted
on this position

6-point suspension
system
Standard Assembly (Chin
strap included for
Malaysia only)

Menurut bentuknya, alat pelindung mata dapat

digolongkan menjadi:
Kacamata, dengan atau tanpa pelindung
samping.
Goggles.
Tameng muka.

Eye Protection
Bump cap face shield
and prescription for
this employee. Shields
are available in clear
light green, dark green

Chemical Splash Goggles

Recommended Eye and Face Protectors

37

 Dapat membatasi pandangan

Timbul kabut, noda dan goresan kecil
Tidak dapat untuk melihat kerusakan secara

visual
Beberapa kacamata pengaman memungkinkan

benda masuk dari samping.

 Alat pelindung telinga dapat digolongkan menjadi

empat jenis
Sumbat telinga (ear plugs atau aural inserts)
Canal caps atau superaural protectors
Tutup telinga (ear muffs / circumaural protectors)
Enclosures (menutupi seluruh bagian kepala/
entire head), misalnya helmet

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 The maximum amount that a hearing protector

can reduce the sound reaching the ear is from

about 35 dB at the higher frequencies.
By wearing hearing protectors and then adding a

helmet that encloses the head, an additional 10

dB reduction of sound transmitted to the ears
can be achieved.

Helmets can be used to support earmuffs or

earphones and cover the bony portion of the
head in an attempt to reduce bone conducted
sound. Helmets are particularly well-suited for
use in extremely high-noise level areas and
where workers need to protect their heads from
bumps or missiles.

With good design and careful fitting of the seal

between the edges of the helmet and the skin of
the face and neck, 5 - 10 dB of sound attenuation
can be obtained beyond that already provided by
the earmuffs or earphones worn inside the helmet.

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Formable Ear Plug

Didesain untuk sekali pakai. Terbuat dari serat
gelas yang halus (Swedish wool), kapas yang
diberi malam (wax-impregnated cotton), plastik
yang dapat mengembang (expandable plastic)

dan busa (foam).

46

Custom (individually) molded earplugs

Umumnya sumbat telinga jenis ini terbuat dari

campuran dari dua bahan atau lebih untuk

membentuk suatu persenyawaan yang
menyerupai karet lunak bila campuran tersebut
mengeras.
Setelah mengeras, campuran tersebut dengan
sendirinya akan membentuk sumbat telinga
sesuai dengan bentuk saluran telinga dan
telinga luar dari pemakaiannya.

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Earplug (premolded)
Bahan terbuat dari silikon, karet atau plastik

yang lunak.
Ear plugs jenis ini dapat dibedakan menjadi 2
tipe yaitu tipe universal-fit type (satu ukuran)
dan tipe dimana dibuat ukuran yang berbeda.
Pemakaian alat pelindung telinga ini
memerlukan pemasangan yang tepat oleh
seseorang yang telah terlatih.

48

 Hearing-protective devices in this category

(commonly know as canal caps) seal the

external opening of the ear canal to achieve
sound attenuation.
A soft, rubber-like material is held in place by
a lightweight headband.
The tension of the band holds the superaural
device against the external opening of the ear
canal.

49

 Circumaural hearing - protective devices, or

earmuffs, consist essentially of two cup or

dome-shaped devices that fit over the entire
external ear, including the lobe, and a cushion
or pad that seals against the side of the head.
The ear cups are generally made of a molded
rigid plastic and are lined with a cell-type foam
material.

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 The size and shape of the ear cup vary from

one manufacturer to another. The cups are
usually held in place by a spring - loaded
suspension assembly or headband.
The force applied against the head is directly
related to the degree of attenuation desired.
The width, circumference, and material of the
earmuff cushion must be considered to
maintain a proper balance of performance
and comfort.

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 Mudah dibawa karena ukurannya yang

kecil
Relatif lebih nyaman dipakai di tempat kerja
yang panas
Tidak membatasi gerakan kepala
Harganya relatif murah
Dapat dipakai dengan efektif dan tidak
dipengaruhi oleh pemakaian kacamata,
tutup kepala dan anting-anting/giwang.

52

 Untuk pemasangan yang tepat, ear plug

memerlukan waktu yang lebih lama dari ear muff.

Tingkat proteksi yang diberikan oleh ear plug
adalah lebih kecil dari ear muff.
Sulit dipantau oleh pengawas apakah pekerja
memakai ear plug atau tidak (karena ukurannya
yang kecil.
Ear plug hanya dipakai oleh pekerja yang
telinganya sehat.
Bila pekerja menggunakan tangan yang kotor
pada saat memasang ear plug, maka hal ini
kemungkinan dapat menyebabkan
iritasi/peradangan pada kulit saluran telinga.
53

 Atenuasi suara (besarnya intensitas suara yang

direduksi) umumnya lebih besar dari ear plug.

Satu jenis ukuran dari ear muff dapat dipakai
oleh semua pekerja dengan ukuran yang
berbeda.
Pemakaiannya mudah dipantau oleh pengawas.
Dapat dipakai oleh pekerja yang menderita
infeksi telinga yang ringan.
Mudah dicari bila hilang karena ukuran ear muff
yang relatif besar.
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Kerugian Ear Muff

Tidak nyaman dipakai ditempat kerja yang

panas.
Efektivitas dari ear muff dapat dipengaruhi oleh
pemakaian kacamata, tutup telinga, antinganting dan rambut yang menutupi telinga.
Demikian pula kenyamanan dari pemakainya.
Penyimpanannya relatif lebih sulit dari ear plug.
Dapat membatasi gerakan kepala bila
digunakan di tempat kerja yang sempit/sangat
sempit.
Harganya relatif lebih mahal dari ear plug.
Pada pemakaian yang terlalu sering atau bila
headband yang berpegas sering ditekuk oleh
pemakainya, hal ini akan menyebabkan daya
atenuasi suara dari ear muff menurun.
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Advantages of Ear Protectors

Insert-type protectors

Muff-type protctors

They are small and are carried

easily

The protection provided by a good

muff-type protector is generally
greater and less variable between
wearers than that of good ear plugs

They can be worn

A single size of ear muffs fits a
conveniently and effectively
large percentage of heads
with other personally worn
items such as glasses, headgear
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Advantages of Ear Protectors

Insert-type protectors

Muff-type protectors

They are relatively comfortable The relatively large muff size can
to wear in hot environments
be seen readily at a distance thus
the wearing of these protectors is
easily monitored
They are convenient to wear
where the head must be
manoeuvred in close quarters

Muffs are usually accepted more

readily at the beginning of a
hearing conservation program than
earplugs

The cost of sized earplugs is

significantly less than muffs
However, hand-formed and
personally molded protectors
may be as much or more than
muffs

Muffs can be worn even with many

minor ear infections. Muffs are not
easily misplaced or lost as easily as
earmuffs.
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Disadvantages of Ear Protectors

Insert-type protectors

Muff-type protectors

Sized and molded insert

Muffs are uncomfortable in hot
protectors requires more time and environments
efforts for fitting than for muffs
The amount of protection
provided by a good earplug is
generally less and more variable
between wearer than that
provided by a good muff
protector
Dirt may be inserted into the ear
canal if the earplug is removed
and reinserted with dirty hands

Muffs are not as easily carried

nor stored as earplugs

Muffs are not as compatible with

other personally worn items such
glasses and headgear as are
earplugs.
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Disadvantages of Ear Protectors

Insert-type protectors

Muff-type protectors

Earplugs are difficult to see in the

ear from a distance; Hence it is
difficult to monitor groups
wearing these devices

Muff suspension forces may be

reduced by usage, or by
deliberate bending, so that the
protection provided may be
substantially less than expected

Earplugs can be worn only in

healthy ear canals, and even in
some healthy canals a period of
time is necessary for acceptance

The relatively large muff size

may not be acceptable when the
head must be maneuvred in
closed quarters. Muffs are more
expensive than most insert-type
protectors
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60

Alat pelindung Telinga

61

HEARING
PROTECTION
DEVICES

62

Ear Muffler (Penutup telinga)

Dapat mengurangi intensitas suara 20 s/d 30 dB

65

 Mudah dibawa karena ukurannya yang

kecil
Relatif lebih nyaman dipakai di tempat kerja
yang panas
Tidak membatasi gerakan kepala
Harganya relatif murah
Dapat dipakai dengan efektif dan tidak
dipengaruhi oleh pemakaian kacamata,
tutup kepala dan anting-anting/giwang.

 Untuk pemasangan yang tepat, ear plug

memerlukan waktu yang lebih lama dari ear muff.

Tingkat proteksi yang diberikan oleh ear plug
adalah lebih kecil dari ear muff.
Sulit dipantau oleh pengawas apakah pekerja
memakai ear plug atau tidak (karena ukurannya
yang kecil.
Ear plug hanya dipakai oleh pekerja yang
telinganya sehat.
Bila pekerja menggunakan tangan yang kotor
pada saat memasang ear plug, maka hal ini
kemungkinan dapat menyebabkan
iritasi/peradangan pada kulit saluran telinga.

 Atenuasi suara (besarnya intensitas suara yang

direduksi) umumnya lebih besar dari ear plug.

Satu jenis ukuran dari ear muff dapat dipakai
oleh semua pekerja dengan ukuran yang
berbeda.
Pemakaiannya mudah dipantau oleh pengawas.
Dapat dipakai oleh pekerja yang menderita
infeksi telinga yang ringan.
Mudah dicari bila hilang karena ukuran ear muff
yang relatif besar.

Kerugian Ear Muff

Tidak nyaman dipakai ditempat kerja yang panas.
Efektivitas dari ear muff dapat dipengaruhi oleh

pemakaian kacamata, tutup telinga, anting-anting

dan rambut yang menutupi telinga. Demikian pula
kenyamanan dari pemakainya.
Penyimpanannya relatif lebih sulit dari ear plug.
Dapat membatasi gerakan kepala bila digunakan
di tempat kerja yang sempit/sangat sempit.
Harganya relatif lebih mahal dari ear plug.
Pada pemakaian yang terlalu sering atau bila
headband yang berpegas sering ditekuk oleh
pemakainya, hal ini akan menyebabkan daya
atenuasi suara dari ear muff menurun.
69

 Step one. Determine how many decibels you are

over the limit in your workplace.

Step two. Determine whether your workplace

decibel measurements are made using the A

scale (dBA) or the C scale (dBC).

Step three
Lets calculate how high an NRR we will need.
For example, lets select an HPD that has a NRR

of 21 dB. Choose one of the two options below.

Option A : Use this option if the scale used in

step two is in dBA.
Subtract 7 from the selected HPDs NRR rating :

(21 7 = 14)
Divided that number by 2 (14 : 2 = 7)

 Subtract this value from the number of decibels

you are over limit calculated on the previous

calculation (105 90 = 15 dBA).
105 dBA is the measured noise level in your

workplace; while 90 dBA is the exposure limit

established by OSHA.

 15 7 = 8 dB .. this still

exceeds the OSHA Standard.

Obviously we will have to select an HPD with a

higher NRR rating and recalculate, using the

same procedure until we drop below the
maximum allowable exposure.

Option B : Use this option if the scale used in

step two was dBC.

If your workplace decibel value is measured in

units of dBC, follow the same steps outlined in

option A, except do not subtract the 7 in step one.

What about using plugs and muffs together ?

1. Add 5 dB to the value of the higher-rated HPD,
but only after following the steps on the previous
slide.
2. Example : lets say NRR plug = 30 and NRR
muff = 21 dB. [(30 7) /2] + 5 dB = 17 dB of
effective protection.
3. By combining two forms of HPDs, we now fall
within the parameters of the OSHA standard.

In most cases, elimination, engineering controls

and administrative controls will effectively control
a hazard.
However, sometimes, even after all of these three
control measures have been undertaken, PPE
will still be needed.

77

To use this selection logic, the user must first

assemble the necessary toxicological, safety, and
other relevant information for each respiratory
hazard, including the following:
General use conditions, including determination
of contaminant(s);
Physical, chemical, and toxicological properties
of the contaminant(s);

78

Criteria for Selecting Respirators

Expected concentration of each respiratory
hazard;
Immediately dangerous to life or health
(IDLH) concentration;
Oxygen concentration or expected oxygen
concentration;
Eye irritation potential; and
Environmental factors, such as presence of
oil aerosols.
79

IDLH
An IDLH exposure condition is one that
poses a threat of exposure to airborne
contaminants when that exposure is likely to
cause death or immediate or delayed
permanent adverse health effects or prevent
escape from such an environment.

80

IDLH
The purpose of establishing an IDLH
exposure level is to ensure that the worker
can escape from a given contaminated
environment in the event of failure of the
respiratory protection equipment.
81

Respiratory Protection
Respirators protect you from breathing hazardous
airborne contaminants.
They must be properly selected, fitted, and
maintained.
Most important, you must know their proper uses
and limitations.
If the contaminants in your work environment
require you to wear a respirator, wear it.
82

Oxygen-Deficient Atmosphere
NIOSH defines an oxygen-deficient
atmosphere as any atmosphere
containing oxygen at a concentration

below 19.5% at sea level.

83

 The minimum requirement of 19.5%

oxygen at sea level provides an adequate
amount of oxygen for most work
assignments and includes a safety factor.
The safety factor is needed because
oxygen-deficient atmospheres offer little
warning of the danger, and the continuous
measurement of an oxygen-deficient
atmosphere is difficult.
84

 At oxygen concentrations below 16% at sea

level, decreased mental effectiveness,
visual acuity, and muscular coordination occur.
At oxygen concentrations below10%, loss of
consciousness may occur, and below 6%
oxygen, death will result.
Often only mild subjective changes are noted by
individuals exposed to low concentrations of
oxygen, and collapse can occur without warning.
85

Respiratory Protection
Exposure to high concentrations of a toxic
substance, even for a short time, can cause
serious injury or death.
Exposure to low concentrations of certain toxic
substances can cause permanent damage to
the lungs, liver, kidneys, or other organs.
Work environments can be fatal if the oxygen
content of the air is too low.
86

Three main questions should be considered :

Is there a hazard which warrants the wearing of
some protective device? What is the probability
of the hazard being released?
What degree of protection is required and what
clothing or equipment would be most suitable?
How can one ensure that the devices are not
only worn, but worn correctly?

87

 Identify steps taken to assess potential hazards

in every employees work space and in
workplace operating procedures.
Identify appropriate PPE selection criteria.
Identify how you will train employees on the use
of PPE, including :
a. What PPE is necessary
b. When PPE is necessary
c. How to properly inspect PPE for wear or
damage
88

d. How to properly put on and adjust the fit of

PPE.
e. How to properly take off PPE.
f. The limitations of the PPE.
g. How to properly care for and store PPE.

89

 Identify how you will assess employee

understanding of PPE training.
Identify how you will enforce proper PPE use.
Identify how you will provide for any required
medical examinations.
Identify how and when to evaluate the PPE
program.

90

RESTRICTION &
REQUIREMENTS FOR
RESPIRATORS USAGE

The following requirements and restrictions must

be considered to ensure that the respirator
selected will provide adequate protection under
the conditions of intended use:
1. Workers are not exposed to a single
unvarying concentration of a hazardous
substance, rather, individual exposures may
vary throughout a work shift and between days.
The highest anticipated concentration should
therefore be used to compute the required
protection factor for each respirator wearer.

92

2. Qualitative or quantitative fit tests must be

provided as appropriate to ensure that the tightfitting facepiece respirator fits the individual.
NIOSH endorses the OSHA standard 29
CFR1910.134 for fit testing except for irritant
smoke Employees must pass a fit test with the
exact model and size that they will wear in the
workplace.
3. Respirators with tight-fitting face pieces
should not be used when facial scars or
deformities interfere with the face seal.
93

4. Respirators with tight-fitting facepieces

(including pressure-demand respirators) should
not be used when facial hair interferes with the
face seal.

5. The usage, limitations of air-purifying elements,

particularly gas and vapor cartridges or
canisters, should not be exceeded.
6. Respirators must be certified by the NIOSH.

94

7. A complete written respiratory protection

program must be developed which includes
regular worker training; maintenance, inspection,
cleaning, and evaluation of the respirator; use of

the respirator in accordance with the

manufacturers instructions; fit testing; medical
evaluation; and environmental monitoring.

95

TYPES OF AIR CONTAMINANTS

 Dusts : these substances consist of

mechanically produced solid particles whose
size can range from microscopic to visible or
macroscopic.
Dust particles can be inorganic, such as
rock, coal, or grain, or they can be organic,

as in polymeric materials.
97

 Fumes adalah partikel zat padat yang

terbentuk dari kondensasi uap logam yang
dipanaskan.
Ukuran fumes adalah sangat kecil yaitu kurang
dari 1 um (mikron).
Aerosols adalah suspensi partikel dalam udara
yang berukuran sangat kecil.
Aerosols dapat berupa partikel zat cair atau
partikel zat padat.

98

 Aerosols : these are suspension of fine liquid

or solid particles in air, which because of their
small size can remain in a dispersed state for a
relatively long period of time.
Smoke : this substance consists of carbon or
soot particles less than 0,1 micron in size,
formed from incomplete combustion of carboncontaining compounds.

99

 Mists : these substances, formed by

condensation of vapors into small liquid
droplets or by the fine dispersion of liquid into
small particles, are produced in such
operations as foaming or atomizing.

Examples are oil mists formed during metal

cutting or grinding and acid mists from
electroplating.

10
0

 Gas, uap, mist, fume dan debu yang halus

tidak dapat dilihat oleh mata. Oleh karena itu,
menghirup udara yang terkontaminasi zat-zat
kimia tersebut adalah berbahaya.
Sebagai contoh, kabut (mist) asam sulfat
yang dihasilkan oleh proses electroplating
tidak dapat dilihat oleh mata sehingga pekerja
sering tidak menyadari bahwa ia telah terpapar
oleh mist tersebut.
10
1

AIR PURIFYING
RESPIRATORS

Respirators

To use this selection logic, the user must first

assemble the necessary toxicologic, safety, and
other relevant information for each respiratory
hazard, including the following:
General use conditions, including determination
of contaminant(s);
Physical, chemical, and toxicological properties
of the contaminant(s);
10
4

 NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL),

OSHA recommended permissible exposure limit

(PEL), and American Conference of

Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
recommended TLV.
American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA)
Workplace Environmental Exposure Limit
(WEEL), or other applicable occupational
exposure limit;
10
5

 Expected concentration of each respiratory

hazard;
Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH)
concentration;
Oxygen concentration or expected oxygen
concentration;
Eye irritation potential; and
Environmental factors, such as presence of oil
aerosols
10
6

Types of Respirators
Respirators

Air-Purifying
Respirators
Tergantung dari
ambient
atmosphere

Suplied Air
Respirators
Tidak tergantung
ambient
atmosphere

There are two types of air-purifying respirators

1. Filtering purifiers to remove dusts, mists,
and fumes.
2. Sorbent purifiers to remove gases and
vapors.

10
8

Use sorbents
Housed in cartridges or canisters
Removal mechanisms:
adsorption
absorption
chemisorption
catalysis
Designed for specific contaminants or classes

Filter Efficiency
3 levels of filter efficiency:

- 95%
(called 95)
- 99%
(called 99)
- 99.97% (called 100)
3 categories of resistance to
filter efficiency degradation:
- N (Not resistant to oil)
- R (Resistant to oil)
- P (oil Proof)

Inhaled and Exhaled Air

21%

Oxygen

0,04% Carbon dioxide

Inhalation

17%
4,04%

78 %

Nitrogen

78 %

0,96%

Noble gases

0,96%

Exhalation

 If no oil particles are present in the work

environment, use a filter of any series.

If oil particles are present, use an R- or P-series
filter.
If oil particles are present and the filter is to be used
for more than one work shift, use only a P-series
filter.
Selection of filter efficiency depends on how much
filter leakage can be accepted.
Choice of face piece depends on level of protection
needed (APF).

 Currently tested with CCl4 at 1000 ppm (only)

May or may not be very effective for specific

vapors
Seek guidance from respirator manufacturer
including test data on vapor in use
Only small amount of charcoal in cartridges
More charcoal in canisters
Color code: black

Alkaline Gas Cartridges

Contains chemicals for

removing alkaline
gases such as :
ammonia
Concentrations limited
Ammonia : 300 ppm
Color code : green

 The gas filter removes certain gases from the

inhaled air.
The filter has a limited useful life which varies
with the volume of sorbent and the conditions
under which it is used.
Gas filters are affected by such factors as the
concentration of the contaminant in the
atmosphere, the humidity and the breathing
rate of the wearer.
11
5

 For each type of respirator, there is a variety of

air-purifying filters, cartridges, or canisters.

It is designed to protect against specific

contaminants.
Cartridges are small and are usually attached

directly to the face piece. They are designed to

protect against low concentrations of
contaminants.
11
6

 Canisters are larger and are usually connected

to the facepiece with a breathing tube.

Canisters are designed to protect against higher
concentrations of contaminants.
The contaminants and their expected
concentrations must be known before a
decision can be made as to (mengenai) the
type of facepiece to use and which cartridge or
canister is required.
11
7

 You must never use the wrong type of cartridge

or canister or use one type of cartridge on one
side of your face piece and a different type on
the other side.

Cartridges and canisters are color-coded for

their specific use.

11
8

Air-purifying respirators should not be

used :
In atmospheres containing more than 2% by
volume of a known contaminant.
When the sorbent service life is unknown or the
respirator has no end-of-service-life indicator.
In conditions that may adversely affect sorbent
performance, such as high humidity.

11
9

Air-purifying respirators should not be

used :
For contaminants that
can not be detected by
odor or irritation, or do
not have good warning
properties.
For contaminants that
are highly irritating to
the eyes.

120

 These respirators are capable of removing low

concentrations of hazardous vapors and gases
from breathing air.
Cartridges usually attach directly to the
respirator face piece. The larger-volume
canisters attach to the chin of the face piece or
are carried with a harness and attach to the face
piece by a breathing tube.

12
1

Canister and cartridge respirators

Canisters or cartridges are useful for a limited
period of time, depending on the size and type

of canister, the concentration of the

contaminant, and the activity of the wearer.

They also have limited shelf life which means

they can only be stored for a certain period
before becoming chemically inactive.

12
2

 The removal of air contaminants is

accomplished either physically by adsorption or

chemically by neutralization of the particular
contaminants.
The type of contaminants removed and the

removing efficiency of the bed are a strong

function of the adsorbing medium, temperature,
partial pressure of components, and gas velocity.
12
3

 Canisters will usually heat up when they are

functioning properly.
If a canister gets very hot, this usually
indicates that there is a high concentration of
gas or vapor present, and the worker should
leave the area immediately.
If a canister is not functioning properly, the
worker may become dizzy, have a headache,
have difficulty seeing, or have a bad taste in
the mouth.
12
4

Replace cartridges
NIOSH : daily or after each
use, or even more often if
odor, taste, or irritation is
detectable.
Some canisters may
have end of service life
indicators

Air-Supplying Respirators

Supplied air respirator with

auxiliary. Escape-only SCBA

Self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA)

Gas Filter
Sealing strip
Air outlet
Cover cap

Gas filter
(Active charcoal)

Air inlet
127

Particle Filter
Cover cap
Filter Sleeve
Particle Filter
Coarse dust filter
Sieve
128

129

A Dust
mask respirator

Full facepiece
cartridge respirator

130

TWIN CHEMICAL CARTRIDGE

RESPIRATOR

131

1. Prefilter
2. Dust filter

Gas filter

Combination filter
132

133

134

135

Twin Chemical Cartridge

Respirator

136

Fitting Tests

137

Cartridge

138

APF - Assigned protection factor

The choice of face piece depends on the level

of protection needed that is, the assigned

protection factor (APF) needed.
APF : the minimum anticipated protection

provided by properly functioning respirator or

class of respirators to a given percentage of
properly fitted and trained users.

The selection of N-, R-, and P-series filters depends

on the presence of oil particles as follows:
If no oil particles are present in the work
environment, use a filter of any series (i.e., N-, R, or P-series).
If oil particles (e.g., lubricants, cutting fluids,
glycerin) are present, use an R- or P-series filter.
Note: N-series filters cannot be used if oil
particles are present.
If oil particles are present and the filter is to be
used for more than one work shift, use only a Pseries filter.
14
0

Respirators should be regularly cleaned and

disinfected, particularly after its use. The
Following procedure is recommended :
Remove any filters, cartridges, or canisters.
Wash face piece and breathing tube in
cleaner-disinfectant or detergent solution. Use
a hand brush to remove dirt.
Rinse completely in warm water.
Air-dry in a clean area.

14
1

 Clean other respirator parts as recommended

by the manufacturer.
Inspect valves, head straps, and other parts;
replace with new parts if defective.

Insert new filters, cartridges or canisters,

making sure there is a tight seal.
Place in a plastic bag or container for storage.

14
2

 The most common and most persistent

problem with all respirators is leakage around

the edges of the mask.
This occurs because it is impossible to design

one type of mask to provide an air-tight fit for

the many different shapes and sizes of faces.

14
3

 Any respirator with negative pressure inside

the mask will tend to leak.

Men with beard or sideburns can not get an

airtight fit.
Any movement of the face or any talking can

frequently cause leaks.

People with one or both dentures missing

may also have problems with negativepressure masks.

14
4

 Most chemical sorbent canisters are imprinted

with an expiration date, and may be used until

that date as long as they have not been opened
previously.
Once opened, they begin to sorb humidity and

air contaminants, which will cause their efficiency

and service life to decrease.

14
5

 Cartridges should be discarded after use but

should not be used for longer than one shift or

when breakthrough occurs, whichever comes
first.
Some respirators combined a mechanical filter
with a chemical cartridge for dual or multiple
exposure.

14
6

NIOSH permits air purifying respirators only if the

contaminant has adequate warning properties:
Reliable detection of the contaminant below the
PEL by users sense of smell, taste, or irritation
Only applies to gases and vapors ---------- not
particulate
Exception is if AP element has an ESLI.
Remember that odor thresholds vary
substantially from one individual to another

14
7

Acid gas
Organic vapors
Ammonia gas
Carbon monoxide
Acid gases and organic vapors
Acid gas, ammonia, and OV
Acid gas, ammonia, CO, and OV
Other vapors and gases
Radioactive materials (HEPA)
Dusts, fumes, mists (non-radio)

white
black
green
blue
yellow
brown
red
olive
purple *
orange *
14
8

 Designed for removing acidic gases

Tested by NIOSH against chlorine, HCL and

SO2 (only)
Limited to fairly low concentrations
- Chlorine
10 ppm
- Hydrogen chloride
50 ppm
- Sulfur dioxide
50 ppm
Color code: white

Depends on:
Quality and amount of sorbent
Packing uniformity and density
Exposure conditions, breathing rate
Relative humidity
Temperature
Contaminant concentration
Affinity of the gas or vapor for the sorbent
Presence of other gases and vapors

AIR-SUPPLYING
RESPIRATORS

Airline respirators
- Called Type C or Type CE
- Hose can be up to 300 feet
- 4 cfm required for tight-fitting mask, 6 cfm for
hoods and helmets
- Available in demand, pressure demand, and
continuous flow arrangements

Hose masks
- Type A (motor or hand-operated blower)
- Type B (no blower)
- Large diameter hoses
15
2

 Supplied air respirators deliver breathing air or

oxygen to the wearer from an independent
source. There are three major categories of
supplied air respirators :
a. Air-hose respirators ---- the air supplied in
this type of respirator is not pressurized, i.e.
it is at or near atmospheric pressure. The
mode of air delivery may be either by a wide
bore hose (natural breathing) or an air-hose
connected to a low pressure blower.
15
3

b. Air-line respirators --- the air supplied to this

type of respirator is pressurized, i.e. it is greater
than atmospheric pressure. The mode of air
delivery may be by one of the means described
below. Air-line respirators could utilize a
compressor or large compressed gas cylinders.
The air should be of respirable quality.
c. SCBA ---- the air supplied to this type of
respirator is pressurized, i.e. it is greater than
atmospheric pressure.
15
4

 Compressed air, compressed oxygen, liquid air,

and liquid oxygen used for respiration should be
of high purity.
Compressed oxygen should not be used in
supplied-air respirators or in an open-circuit
SCBA that has previously used compressed air.
Oxygen must never be used with airline
respirators.

15
5

Supplied Air Respirators

Supplied air respirators
supply breathing air to a
face piece via a hose from
a fixed source.

This type of respirator is

useful against all
atmospheric contaminants
that are IDLH.

156

 This limitation is imposed on this type of

respirator in consideration of the fact that the
air supply is not carried by the user.
There is always a possibility, however remote,
that the air supply equipment might
malfunction and conditions of IDLH make the
escape from the contaminated atmosphere
impossible.

15
7

The following questions should be addressed in

considering supplied air respirators :
Is the atmosphere IDLH or likely to become
IDLH?
Is enough mobility provided ?
Is there danger that the air line will become
entangled or punctured?
Can a clean supply of air be provided by the
compressor?

15
8

In establishing the IDLH concentration, the

following conditions must be assured:
a. The ability to escape without loss of life or
immediate or delayed irreversible health
effects. (Thirty minutes is considered the
maximum time for escape so as to provide
some margin of safety in calculating the IDLH).
b. The prevention of severe eye or respiratory
irritation or other reactions that would hinder
escape.
15
9

 The main SCBA (Self-Contained Breathing

Apparatus) components consist of an air or
oxygen supply carried by the wearer, a hose, a
regulator valve, and a face piece.
SCBAs are divided into positive pressure
respirators and negative pressure respirators
depending on the type of air or oxygen flow
supplied to the face piece.

16
0

 A self-contained breathing apparatus

(SCBA) provides air to the user for escape

from oxygen-deficient environments.
Escape SCBA devices are commonly used

with full face pieces or hoods and, depending

on the supply of air, are usually rated as 3 60-minute units.

16
1

 Self-contained self-rescuer (SCSR) devices

have been approved by MSHA/NIOSH for
escape from mines, but these devices may also

have application in other similar environments.

SCSRs are mouthpiece respirators that provide
a source of oxygen-enriched air for up to 60
minutes. SCSRs are normally stored in mines
and used for emergency escape from mine
disasters. All SCBA devices can be used in
oxygen deficient atmospheres.
16
2

 Positive pressure respirators maintain

a positive pressure in the face piece
during exhalation and inhalation, and are
further divided into pressure demand and
continuous flow types.

16
3

Self-contained
Breathing
Apparatus

164

SELF-CONTAINED

BREATHING
APPARATUS (SCBA)

 The IDLH is considered a maximum level above

which only a highly reliable breathing apparatus

providing maximum worker protection is permitted.
Any appropriate approved respirator may be used

to its maximum use concentration up to the IDLH

concentration.

16
6

 Negative pressure respirators draw air into the

face piece as a result of the negative pressure

created by the wearers inhalation.

The major disadvantage of this type of respirator
is that if a leak develops, the contaminated
atmosphere can flow into the face piece.
In situations where even the smallest leaks can not
be tolerated, the use of positive pressure respirator
is recommended.

16
7

 SCBAs can be or either open circuit or closed

circuit designed.
Open circuit devices exhaust the unbreathed air

or oxygen.
In closed circuit equipment, the exhaled air
passes through an adsorbent to remove CO2

and water, and make up air then is added to the

regenerated stream.

16
8

 Some designs provide an oxygen-generating

breathing apparatus. These devices use closed
circuits and contain an oxygen rich compound
such as a metal peroxide or superoxide (e.g.
KO2) that can react with moisture in exhaled air to
produce oxygen.
The major disadvantage of this type of equipment
is that the rate of chemical reactions, and
therefore oxygen generation, is a strong function
of temperature.
16
9

 Most SCBAs provide cylinders containing air

or oxygen.
Some designs provide an oxygen-generating

breathing apparatus.
These devices use closed circuits and contain

an oxygen-rich compounds such as a metal

peroxide or superoxide that can react with
moisture in exhaled air to produce oxygen.

17
0

 Although SCBAs can provide protection

against most types and levels of contaminants,

the duration of the air or oxygen supply is an

important factor in its use.
This is limited by both the amount of the air or
oxygen available and its rate of consumption by
the user.

17
1

 Another disadvantage of SCBAs is that they

are bulky and heavy and may cause heat
stress or impair movement in confined areas.
SCBAs may be approved for (1) escape only,
or (2) for both entry into and escape from a

hazardous area.

17
2

When deciding whether an SCBA is appropriate

for a given situation, one should consider the
following points :
If the atmosphere is IDLH or is likely to become
IDLH, a positive pressure SCBA should be used.
The amount of air supply should match the
duration of time required to perform the tasks.
The effect of the bulk and weight of the SCBA on
worker performance should be evaluated.

17
3

There are problems with self-contained

breathing systems :
First, they are limited by the amount of air a
worker can carry as well as by the existing air
pressure.
If the air pressure is doubled, the service life of
the device is cut in half.
How much extra effort a person has to make
while using a mask is important, as breathing
through a mask can place extra strain on he
heart, which may be especially dangerous for
some people.
17
4

 Each SCBA should have a warning device

that indicates when its service life is about to
expire.

SCBAs are bulky and heavy, and require

extensive training for use.
They are awkward to use in confined spaces

for long periods of time.

17
5

Supplied-Air Breathing Apparatus (SABA)

consists of the following components :
1. Air supply
2. Air pressure regulator
3. Air exhausts, and
4. Egress cylinder (egress = going out; way
out; exit.)

17
6

 Air-line respirators supply high pressure

air (maximum 125 pounds per square
liter) to a pressure reduction device worn
by the worker, then to a mask.
Compressed air may be supplied either
for cylinder or from an air compressor.

17
7

Conditions that adversely affect respirator fit

include the following :
Facial features such as long sideburns,
mustache, and beard.
Spectacles with temple bars or straps.
A head covering that passes between the
sealing surface of a respirator and wearers
face.
17
8

 Scars, hollow temples, excessively

protruding cheek bones, and deep creases
in the facial skin.
The absence of teeth or dentures, or an
unusual facial configuration.

17
9

Color Codes For Gas Mask Canister

Atmospheric contaminants for
which protection is needed

Acid gases,

Colors assigned

White

Hydrocyanic acid gas (HCN)

White with a 0,5 inch green

stripe completely around the
canister near the bottom

Chlorine gas

White with a 0,5 inch yellow

stripe completely around the
canister near the bottom

Organic vapors

Black
180

 Respirators can be tested for good fit either

qualitatively or quantitatively.
In both tests a harmless agent that has an
odor or irritating effect is injected into the air
inside an enclosure where the test is
conducted.

18
1

 In a qualitative test, the respirator wearer

uses his or her senses to detect the presence

of the agent inside the face piece.
In a quantitative test, special instruments are
used to determine if the agent has leaked into
the face piece.
Two other widely used types of fit tests are the
positive and negative tests.
18
2

 In a positive pressure test, the user closes the

exhalation valve and exhales into the face piece.
If no air leaks into it (i.e., there is a good fit), the
face piece should bulge a little.
In a negative pressure test, the user closes the
inhalation valve and breathes in, hold the breath
for 10 seconds.
If there is a good fit, the face piece should
collapse against the users face.
18
3

 Isoamyl acetate (IAA)

Irritant smoke (usually titanium and stannic
chloride)
Saccharin aerosol (taste test)
Denatonium benzoate (Bitrex)

Must verify wearer can respond

Wearer must be truthful

18
4

Dioctyl phthalate aerosol (DOP)

Corn oil
Sodium chloride
DEHS
Ambient air (with submicron particulate
counting)
Ambient air (pressure differential)

18
5

Guide For Selecting Respirators

Oxygen deficiency
atmospheres

SCBA, air-supplied with

escape SCBA

Toxic gases or vapors that are

IDLH

SCBA, air-supplied with

escape SCBA

Gases or vapors not IDLH

Air purifying, supplied

air

Combination of gases, vapors, Airline, hose mask with

and particulates, not IDLH
blower, air purifying
Combination of gases, vapors, SCBA, airline with escape
SCBA
and particulates, IDLH
186

Color Codes For Gas Mask Canister

Ammonia gas

Green

Acid gases and ammonia gas Green with a 0,5 inch white
stripe completely around the
canister near the bottom
Carbon monoxide

Blue

Acid gases and organic

vapors

Yellow

Hydrocyanic acid gas and

chloropicrin vapor

Yellow with a 0,5 inch blue

stripe completely around the
canister near the bottom

Acid gases, organic vapors,

and ammonia gases

Brown
187

Permissible Upper Limits of Respirators For Acid Gases

Contaminant

Half mask
(Cartridge)

Full face
(Cartridge)

Full face
piece
(supplied air)

Chlorine

5 ppm

10 ppm

25 ppm

Chlorine
dioxide

1 ppm

5 ppm

10 ppm

10 ppm

100 ppm

Formaldehyde
Hydrogen
chloride (HCl)

50 ppm

50 ppm

100 ppm

Sulfur dioxide

20 ppm

50 ppm

100 ppm
188

Supplied Air Respirators

Tidak tergantung
Ambient Udara

Type tertutup
Breathing Apparatus

Type terbuka
Breathing Apparatus

SAR

Airline
System

Escape
Respirator

Compressed Air Breathing Equipment

Escape Respirator

SAR

Airlines

SAR Supplied Air Respirators

SAR Supplied Air Respirators
[Self-Contained Breathing
Apparatus]

EN
Standard

NFPA
Standard

SAR Supplied Air Respirators

Component

Demand
Valve

Full Face Mask

Pressure
Gauge

Pressure Reducer

Harness

Back Plate

Cylinder

SAR Supplied Air Respirators

Full Face Mask

Ultra Elite Full Face Mask

3S Full Face Mask

SAR Supplied Air Respirators Working Duration

Contoh: for 6 liter/200 bar cylinder
Total Kapasitas udara = Kapasitas Cylinder x tekanan
Cylinder
= 6 lt x 200 bar
= 1200 liter udara
Total durasi
= Total Kapasitas udara / Rata2
pemakaian
cylinder
= 1200 / 40
= 30 mins
Durasi kerja
= Total durasi - Safety factor
= 30 mins - 10 mins
= 20 mins

SAR Supplied Air Respirators

Breathing Rate

Pekerjaan
Tidur
Berdiri
Berjalan
Berjalan
Berjalan
Berjalan

Bernapas(Lit/min)

3 Kph
4 Kph
5 Kph
6 Kph

7.7
10.4
18.6
24.8
37.3
60.7

BREATHING APPARATUS

196

Breathing Apparatus

197

Air Supplying Hood

198

Pakaian Pelindung
Baju tahan panas
Untuk petugas pemadam
Pekerja sekitar oven /
pembakaran

Baju laboratorium
Untuk pekerja laboratorium ---

tahan terhadap zat kimia, mikro

organisme (ruang steril)

a)

b)

OXYGEN GENERATOR
2KO2 + H2O

2KOH +3/2 O2
2KO2 + CO2

K2CO3 + 3/2 O2
CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVER
2KOH + CO2

K2CO3 + H2O
KOH + CO2
KHCO3
201

Sources of Breathing Air

Compressors

- Subject to failure
- If oil-lubricated, can overheat changing oil
mist into CO
- Carbon vane type are available and oilless
- Can run continuously
- Can be fitted with CO sensor and/or
adsorption units
- Air intake location is critical

20
2

Sources of breathing air

Compressed gas cylinders (breathing air)
Can be up to 3500 psi

Finite air supply...for limited time spans

Do not rely on utility services
Blowers used for hose masks

20
3

Mobile Breathing Air Bank

204

205

Compressed Air Breathing Equipment

SCBA

Escape Sets

Airlines

Cascade
206

Bagian SCBA
Cylinder

Strap

Full Face Mask

Pressure Gauge
Lung Demand
Valve
Harness
Fisrt Stage
Pressure Reducer

Carbon Composite
Backplate

Cylinders
207

Functions of Components
Face Mask
Koneksi ke LDV model
plug in
Lapisan ganda pada
penutup wajah
Inner mask mencegah CO2
berkumpul didalam masker
Masker tidak mudah
mengembun
Tekanan udara didalam
masker antara 0.5 sampai
dengan 4.5 mbar
208

Functions of Components
Pressure Gauge/
penunjuk tekanan
Pluit

Menunjukan sisa
tekanan udara di
silinder
luminous gauge dial
calibrated in Bar

Mengaktifkan alarm ketika

tekanan udara dlm tabung
mencapai level minimum
(50 bar)
Memberikan batas waktu
yg aman 10 menit
sebelum udara betul-betul
kosong/habis
209

Function of Components

Lung
Demand
Valve
Reducer
Mengurangi tekanan
udara dari 300 bar ke 69 bar
Berfungsi baik utk
tabung bertekanan 200
& 300 bar
Dilengkapi valve alat
pengaman tekanan

Tekanan udara medium

dikurangi menjadi 1bar
lebih.
Udara di dalam masker
tetap lebih tinggi dari
diluar / ambien pada saat
aktivitas pernafasan
berlangsung.
210

CYLINDER

211

Functions of Components
Cylinder
Sumber supplai udara
Tersedia dlm macam
material baik yg baja
maupun carbon komposit
200 or 300 bar tekanan
operational
Tersedia bermacam volume
tabung : 6, 6.8 dan 9 liter
212

Durasi kerja dari SCBA

Contoh: untuk 6 liter/200 bar cylinder
Total kapasitas udara =
=
=
Total durasi
=
silinder
Durasi Kerja

=
=
=
=
=

kap. silinder x tekanan silinder

6 x 200
1200 liter udara
Total kap. udara / konsumsi ratarata
1200 / 40
30 menit
Total durasi - Safety factor
30 menit - 10 menit
20 menit
213

Laju Napas
Tingkat kerja

Laju napas (liter/menit)

Tiduran

7,7

Berdiri santai

10,4

Berjalan (3 Km/jam)

19

Berjalan (5 Km/jam)

25

Berjalan (6,5 Km/jam)

37,3

Berjalan (8 Km/jam)

60,7
214

Donning of SCBA
Tarik shoulder straps
dan waist belt
angkat dan kenakan di
bahu secara hati-hati
Sambung dan
kencangkan waist belt
hingga BA terasa
enak di pinggang
anda
Kalungkan tali masker
di leher

215

Donning of SCBA
Tarik sedikit kebawah
shoulder straps hingga
backplate terasa
menempel di punggung
Selipkan ujung straps di
ban pinggang

216

Donning of SCBA
Posisikan straps
masker dengan tepat
Aktifkan tombol untuk
menghentikan aliran
udara LDV

217

Donning of SCBA
Pegang gauge dengan
tangan kiri, buka valve
cylinder dengan
tangan kanan.
Cylinder tidak boleh
kurang dari 80 % dari
kapasitas cylinder
(Untuk 300 bar SCBA
=> 240 bar)
Jika perlu lakukan HP
test (harus < 1 bar
dalam 1 menit).
218

Donning of SCBA
Cap strap harus di muka
Tempelkan pinggiran
masker di dagu dan
muka dengan kuat
Kencangkan strap
dengan seimbang mulai
dari bawah ke atas

219

Donning of SCBA
Buka valve cylinder dan
hirup/bernafas untuk
mengaktifkan LDV
Pastikan masker tidak
bocor dan terpasang
sempurna ke wajah
Hirup dan buang udara
sebanyak 3 kali tahan
nafas dan dengarkan
apakah ada kebocoran
220

Donning of SCBA
Dengan gauge di
tangan kiri tutup valve
silinder dengan tangan
kanan
Bernapas perlahanlahan, pluit harus bunyi
pada 50-60 bar
Terus bernapas sampai
zero, masker harus
menempel rapat di
muka. Buka lagi silinder,
SCBA siap dipakai
221

Donning of SCBA
Lepaskan strap
pinggang
Lepaskan tali gantung
masker dan longgarkan
straps bahu
Bersihkan unit dan isi
kembali silinder

222

Man and material fully protected

223

PPE Checklist

Is PPE only used when all other attempts to

control hazards have been tried and failed?
Is PPE used according to any relevant
regulations or code of practice?
Is PPE suitable for the work being done ?
Is all PPE marked according to its correct area
of use ?
Is a range of suitable PPE available for users
to choose from ?
224

PPE Checklist
Are there SOP for all circumstances where
PPE is needed?
Are these available for inspection?
Are they followed?
Have all staff involved in the PPE program
received adequate training?
Is PPE assigned to individual users ?
Is PPE tested for proper fit for users?
225

PPE Checklist
Is all PPE adequately maintained, inspected
regularly, cleaned as necessary, replaced as
required?
Is the effectiveness of the PPE program
monitored and evaluated regularly?
Is the use of PPE accompanied by appropriate
medical monitoring?
Is someone in your workplace responsible for
the PPE program, with their name and contact
number available to all staff involved in the
PPE program ?
226

GLOVES

Alat Pelindung Tangan

Sarung Tangan

Sarung tangan kain

Sarung tangan plastik
Sarung tangan PVC
Sarung tangan karet
Sarung tangan kulit
Sarung tangan metal
Sarung tangan dingin ( cold storage )
Sarung tangan Listrik ( High Voltage )

Bahan Sarung Tangan

Untuk Penanganan bahan kimia
Nitrile

Neoprene

PVC

 Sarung Tangan Kulit

Biasanya terbuat dari

kulit sapi/lembu

Aplikasinya untuk
pekerjaan
pengelasan/welding

 Sarung Tangan Kombinasi

Tebuat dari bahan kulit
yang dipadu dengan kain
kanvas / jeans.
Aplikasinya untuk
pekerjaan ringan
(Handling, Packing, etc)

 Sarung tangan untuk

paparan panas
Terbuat dari bahan
asbes ( 400 oC ),
Aluminized ( 700 o C).
Aplikasinya untuk
bekerja dengan object
yang panas.

 Sarung Tangan untuk

paparan suhu rendah
Biasanya terbuat dari
wool dan bahan tebal
lainnya, fungsinya untuk
menahan dingin.
Aplikasinya digunakan
pada industri perikanan
dan cold storage lainnya

 Rubber gloves
Terbuat dari karet murni
(pure latex). Berfungsi
untuk meredam

voltage / tegangan arus

listrik tinggi
( s/d 40 Kv = 40.000 Volt )

Pakaian Pelindung
Bahaya

Contoh

Chemical

Dermal toxins
Systemic toxins
Corrosives
Allergens

Physical

Thermal hazards (hot/cold)

Vibration
Radiation
Trauma producing

Biological

Human pathogens
Animal pathogens
Environmental pathogens

Pakaian Pelindung
Baju tahan panas
- Untuk petugas pemadam
- Pekerja sekitar oven / pembakaran

Baju laboratorium
- Untuk pekerja laboratorium --- tahan
terhadap zat kimia, mikro organisme
(ruang steril)

Alat Pelindung Kaki

Pada industri ringan/ tempat kerja biasa --Cukup dengan sepatu yang baik
Sepatu pelindung (safety shoes) --- Dapat
terbuat dari kulit, karet, sintetik atau plastik
Untuk mencegah tergelincir Dipakai sol anti slip
Untuk mencegah tusukan Dipakai sol dari logam
Terhadap bahaya listrik ---Sepatu seluruhnya
harus di jahit atau direkatkan --- tak boleh
memakai paku.

Alat Pelindung Kaki

Sepatu Keselamatan Kerja :
Aman melindungi kaki dari kemungkinan
bahaya
Harus memenuhi standard Internasional
Harus memenuhi spesifikasi standard
Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja
Nyaman bagi penggunanya
Design yang trendy

(Safety Footwear)

Technical

Type

How to Identify Industrial shoe parts?

D-Ring

Buffalo leather

Padded

Comfort strip

200 Joules rating

Steel teo cap to
EN 345
Heel support for
Shape retention

Comfort for outsole

PU/Eva Insole
OUTSOLE rubber

Goodyear welt

200 joules rating steel toe

cap to EN345-1

IMPACT TEST

RESULT

Before

After

m=20 kg
g = 10 m/dt2
h=1m

Penguin
Toe Cap

Ep = mgh
= 20x10x1
= 200 Joule

Non
Standard
Toe Cap

Outsoles
Rubber

Process

Rubber

Single
Density
PU
Injection

Double
Density
PU
Injection

TPU + PU

150 C =
60

150 C =
60

150 C =
60

good

good

good

poor

good

good

good

good

Heat
resistance

Cementing Good Year

Welt
300 C =
300 C = 60
60

Anti Slip

good

Oil
good
Resistance
Life time
No life
time
Electric
Yes
shock
Anti static yes
(additional)

Injection

No life times 12
months
Yes
No

12 months 12
months
No
No

yes

yes

yes

yes

Steel Mid-sole
Material: Steel

Steel Midsole for

Penetration resistance to
1100 Newtons

Nail Penetration Test

Steel Midsole for Penetration resistance to 1100 Newtons

Antistatic Test

(100 K OHMS 1000M OHMS)

Intruksi regular perawatan sepatu Safety

1. Lap basah untuk membersihkan kulit sepatu

yang kotor jangan disiram apalagi air yang
menggunakan tekanan
2. Jangan menggunakan bahan kimia yang dapat
merusak sepatu
3. Kulit sepatu di wax atau semir agar awet
4. Jika sepatu basah dikeringkan dengan cara
alami jangan dijemur atau dikeringkan diatas
heater
5. Ganti kaos kaki tiap hari untuk mengindari kaki
berjamur

 Sarung tangan biasa (gloves)

Gaunlets atau sarung tangan yang dilap[isi
oleh plat logam
Mitts atau sarung tangan dimana keempat
jari pemakainya dibungkus menjadi satu
kecuali ibu jari yang mempunyai
pembungkus sendiri.

25
1

Contoh sarung tangan yang digunakan menurut

jenis bahaya yang dihadapi oleh pekerja
Jenis bahaya

Macam sarung tangan

Listrik

Sarung tangan karet

Radiasi yang mengion

Sarung tangan karet atau kulit

yang dilapisi timah hitam
Sarung tangan kulit atau PVC
atau sarung tangan kulit yang
dilapisi logam krom
Sarung tangan karet (natuiral
ruber)
Sarung tangan karet sintetik;
Sarung tangan kulit; asbes
atau gaunlets

Benda tajam atau kasar

Asam dan alkali yang korosif

Pelarut organik
Benda panas

252

 Gloves made of rubber (latex, nitrile, or butyl),

plastic, or synthetic rubber-like material such as

neoprene protect workers from burns, irritation,
and dermatitis caused by contact with oils,
greases, solvents, and other chemicals.
The use of rubber gloves also reduces the risk
of exposure to blood and other potentially
infectious substances.

The comfortable wear and pliability of latex

gloves as well as their protective qualities make
them a popular general-purpose glove. In
addition to resisting abrasions caused by
sandblasting, grinding, and polishing, these
gloves protect workers hands from most water
solutions of acids, alkalis, salts, and ketones.

Natural Latex or Rubber Gloves

When selecting hand protection, you should be

aware that latex gloves have caused allergic

reactions in some individuals and thus may not
be appropriate for all of your employees.
Hypoallergenic gloves, glove liners,
and powderless gloves are possible alternatives
for individuals who are allergic to latex gloves.

Neoprene Gloves
These gloves have good pliability, finger
dexterity, high density, and tear resistance
which protect against hydraulic fluids,
gasoline, alcohols, organic acids, and
alkalis.

256

Nitrile Rubber Gloves

These sturdy gloves provide protection from
chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethylene
and perchloroethylene.
Although intended for jobs requiring dexterity
and sensitivity, nitrile gloves stand up to heavy
use even after prolonged exposure to substances
that cause other gloves to deteriorate.
In addition, nitrile gloves resist abrasions,
punctures, snags (robek), and tears.
257

Glove Chemical Resistance Selection Chart

Chemical

Neoprene Later rubber Butyl gloves

gloves
gloves

Nitrile
gloves

Acetic acid

Very good Very good

Very good

Very good

Acetone

Good

Very good

Very good

Poor

Ammonium Very good Very good

hydroxide

Very good

Very good

Benzene

Poor

Poor

Fair

Butyl
alcohol

Very good Very good

Very good

Very good

Aniline

Good

Fair

Poor

Poor

Fair

 Safety Belt
Digunakan untuk pekerjaan
pada ketinggian di bawah
1.8 m

Body Harness
Digunakan untuk pekerjaan di
ketinggian diatas 1.8 meter
Harus dapat menjaga posisi
tubuh dengan kepala di atas saat
terjatuh

Standard
Max Force on Body
Shock absorption
Shock deployment
Anchor strength
Free Fall
Testing regime

CE
6 kN
6 kN
1.75 m
10 kN
4m
4m

ANSI
8 kN
4 kN
1.1 m
22.2 kN
1.8 m
1.8 m

ASNZS
6 kN
6 kN
1.75 m
15 kN
2m
4m

Fall Protection

Calculating Total Fall Distance

Harneses Sizing Chart

Fall Protection

Fall Protection

Fall arrest rated

chest D ring

Fall Protection

Body Support

Body Support

Workman
Tower/Rescue/Work
Positioning
Features all the attributes of
the Workman Basic, as well
as:
Padded waist belt pad and
thigh support pad
Pole strap attach D-rings
located close to the hips
Certified to AS/NZS
1891.1:2007

Bosun Chair
Best method to sit suspended

for long durations

Padded seat ensures your
comfort during use
Adjustable web assembly
ensures security
Designed for use with both
the Gravity Crossover
harnesses, and the new
Workman range, via the
frontal attachment point, will
keep the user in an upright
position

Belt vs Harness

Full Body Harness

Fall Arrest

Front

Back

Part

Components

Material

Features

Lanyard

12 mm diameter, 3
strands twisted
polyamide (nylon) rope

White with blue tracer. A paper with

manufacturing information shrink
wrapped with a LDPE sleeve.

Energy Absorber

44 mm wide polyamide
(nylon) webbing
Total length of 1.4m after
complete extension

Orange and white, Shrink wrapped

with polyolefine sleeve. Webbing will
tear automatically in the event of a fall,
thereby reducing impact force
transmitted to the user thus reduce
injury

Snap Hook

Alloy steel (Electroplated

nicked chrome)

Corrosion resistant. Only be opened

by two deliberate consecutive manual
actions. Auto closing and locking. For
securing onto body harness D-ring

Scaffold Hook

Alloy steel (Electroplated

nickel chrome)

Corrosion resistant. Only be opened

by two deliberate consecutive manual
actions. Auto closing and locking with
50mm opening. For securing onto
anchorage point.

Karabiner

Mild steel bar

(Electroplated nickel
chrome)

Corrosion resistant. Auto closing with

manual locking by a screw type
mechanism with 10mm opening. Use
as connector to the D-ring of the body
harness.

Timble

High density polyethylene

(HDPE)

White, protect splices of lanyard

Label

Paper

White, printed with manufacturing

information, CE marking

Connecting

Connecting
Hardware

Snaphooks

Karabiners

Connecting
Energy Absorbers

Menurut jenis pekerjaan yang dilakukan, sepatu

keselamatan kerja dapat dibedakan menjadi:
Sepatu pengaman yang digunakan pada pengecoran
baja terbuat dari bahan kulit yang dilapisi krom atau
asbes dan tinggi sepatu kurang lebih 35 cm. Pada
sepatu ini, pipa celana dari pemakainya dimasukkan
ke dalam sepatu dan kemudian dikencangkan
dengan tali pengikat atau gesper yang terdapat pada
sepatu ini.
28
1

 Sepatu yang khusus digunakan di tempat kerja

yang mengandung bahaya peledakan.

Sepatu jenis ini tidak boleh memakai paku
yang dapat menimbulkan percikan bunga api.

28
2

 Sepatu karet anti elektrostatistik, digunakan untuk

melindungi pekerja dari bahaya listrik hubungan

pendek. Sepatu ini harus tahan terhadap tegangan
listrik sebesar 10.000 volt selama 3 menit.
Sepatu pengaman untuk pekerja bangunan,
digunakan untuk melindungi kaki pekerja dari
bahaya tertusuk benda tajam, kejatuhan benda berat
atau terbentur oleh benda keras. Sepatu ini dibuat
dari kulit yang dilengkapi dengan baja pada ujung
depannya untuk melindungi jari-jari kaki.

28
3

284

THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION

MODULE 13

Personal Protective Equipment

Introduction
Protective
equipment = tools to
do the job.
Nearly 2 million
disabling workrelated injuries
expected this year.
More than will
involve head, eyes,
hands, feet
287

2006 TEEX

PPE Statistics from BLS

Hard hats were worn by only 16% of those
workers who sustained head injuries
Only 1% of approx 770 workers suffering face
injuries were wearing face protection
Only 23% of the workers with foot injuries
wore safety shoes or boots
About 40% of the workers with eye injuries
wore eye protection
288

2006 TEEX

Personal Protective Equipment

in Oil and Gas
What PPE is used in oil and gas?
What injuries or illnesses does it protect
against?
Does it always succeed in protecting
against these injuries or illnesses?
Why or why not?

289

2006 TEEX

1910.132 General Requirements

(a) Protective equipment,
including personal
protective equipment for:
Eyes,
Face,
Head, and extremities,
Protective clothing,
Respiratory devices, and
Protective shields and
barriers,
290

Shall be
provided,
used, and
maintained in a sanitary
and reliable condition
wherever it is necessary
by reason of hazards
of processes or
environment

2006 TEEX

1910.132 General Requirements

Hazards of processes or environment include :
Chemical hazards,
Radiological hazards, or
Mechanical irritants
Encountered in a manner capable of causing
injury or impairment in the function of any part
of the body through absorption, inhalation or
physical contact.
291

2006 TEEX

1910.132(d) Hazard Assessment

Assess workplace to determine if
hazards are likely to necessitate the use
of personal protective equipment (PPE)
If hazards are present the employer
shall:
Select and have each affected employee
use appropriate PPE for identified hazards
Communicate selection decisions
Select PPE that fits each employee
292

2006 TEEX

1910 Subpart I Appendix B

Compliance guidelines for hazard
assessment & personal protective
equipment selection (non-mandatory)

293

2006 TEEX

1910.132(d) Hazard Assessment

Written certification of hazard
assessment identifies:
Workplace evaluated
Person certifying that the evaluation has
been performed
Date(s) of the hazard assessment
Identification of document as a certification
of hazard assessment
294

2006 TEEX

1910.132(f) Training
1.

Employer must train employees before

issuing PPE in at least these things:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

295

When PPE is necessary

What PPE is necessary
How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear PPE
Limitations of the PPE
Proper care, maintenance, useful life and
disposal of the PPE

2006 TEEX

1910.132(f) Training
2. Workers must demonstrate an
understanding of the training and the
ability to use PPE properly
before being allowed to perform work
requiring the use of PPE
4. Written certification, to verify that each
employee has received and understood the
required training, contains:
Name of each employee trained
Date(s) of training
Subject of the certification
296

2006 TEEX

1910.132(f) Training
3. Retraining necessary for employees
without required understanding and
skill:
Changes in the workplace
Changes in PPE used
Inadequate knowledge or use of PPE

297

2006 TEEX

1910.133

Eye and Face Protection

1910.133 Eye and face

protection
Employer assures that employee uses
eye or face protection from hazards:

299

Flying particles
Molten metal
Liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids
Chemical gases or vapors
Potentially injurious light radiation

2006 TEEX

1910.133 Eye and face

protection
Side protection for flying objects
Detachable side shields OK

300

2006 TEEX

1910.133 Eye and face

protection
Employees with prescription lenses:
Incorporate prescription in eye protection
or
Wear eye protection over prescription
lenses
Without disturbing proper position of
prescription lenses or the protective lenses

301

2006 TEEX

1910.133 Eye and face

protection
Each affected employee
must wear appropriately
shaded filter lenses for
protection from injurious
light radiation
Tables in (a)(5)

302

2006 TEEX

Protective eye and face devices shall comply with ANSI

Z87.1-1989

FOR EXAMPLE

Z 87.1-1989

Subtitles & Transitions

1910.134

Respiratory Protection

1910.134(a)(1) Permissible
practice
Primary objective: Prevent atmospheric
contamination
Respiratory hazards: dusts, mists, fogs, fumes,
sprays, smokes or vapors

1st Priority: Engineering controls:

Enclosure or confinement of the operation,
General and local ventilation, and
Substitution of less toxic materials

Only where engineering controls are not

feasible should respirators be used
305

2006 TEEX

1910.134(c)(1) Respiratory
protection program
Where respirators are required, you need:
Written program
Worksite-specific procedures

Required elements:

306

Training
Fit testing
Medical evaluations
Care and maintenance
Procedures for respirator selection
Procedures for routine & emergency use
2006 TEEX

1910.134(c)(2) Where respirator

use is not required
If employer permits voluntary use:
Provide information in Appendix D
Implement elements of written program
necessary to ensure
Medical ability to use
Cleaned, stored, maintained to not cause
health hazard

Exception: Voluntary use of dust masks

307

2006 TEEX

1910.134(d) Selection of
respirators
Respirators must be NIOSH-certified
Provide enough variety so user can find
the right fit
Cartridge change schedule for gases
and vapors
IDLH atmosphere = immediately
dangerous to life and health
Specific supplied-air respirators necessary
for IDLH use
308

2006 TEEX

1910.134(e) Medical evaluation

Respirator use causes physiological
burden, varying with
Type of respirator
Job and workplace conditions
Medical status of employee

Medical evaluation provided before:

Fit testing
Worker respirator use
309

2006 TEEX

1910.134(e) Medical evaluation

Conducted by physician or other licensed
health care professional (PLHCP)
Additional evaluations if:

310

Employee reports related symptoms

PLHCP, supervisor, administrator recommends
Program information shows need
Change in workplace conditions increases
physiological burden

2006 TEEX

1910.135

Head Protection

1910.135(a) General
requirements
a. Ensure that each
affected employee
wears a protective
helmet where there
is a potential for
head injury from
falling objects

312

2006 TEEX

Classes and Types of Hard Hats

Type I hard hats - reduce force of
impact from a blow to the top of the
head
Type II hard hats - provide protection
against both side impact (lateral) and
blows to the top of the head

313

2006 TEEX

Classes and Types of Hard Hats

Class G (old A) General
Tested to withstand 2200 volts

Class E (old B) Electrical

Tested to withstand 20,000 volts

Class C (old C) Conductive

No electrical protection

314

2006 TEEX

1910.135(a) General
requirements
b. Ensure that each affected employee
wears a protective helmet designed to
reduce electrical shock hazard when near
exposed electrical conductors which could
contact the head

315

2006 TEEX

1910.135(b) Criteria for

protective helmets
Protective helmets shall comply with
ANSI Z89.1-1986

316

2006 TEEX

1910.136

Foot Protection

1910.136(a) General requirements

Each affected employee must use
protective footwear where there is
danger of:
Falling or rolling objects
Objects piercing sole
Feet exposed to electrical hazards

Protective footwear shall comply with

ANSI Z41-1991
318

2006 TEEX

1910.138

Hand Protection

1910.138(a) General
requirements
a. Appropriate hand protection required for
employee hand exposure to hazards such
as:
Skin absorption of harmful substances
Severe cuts or lacerations
Severe abrasions
Punctures
Chemical burns
Thermal burns
Harmful temperature extremes
320

2006 TEEX

1910.138(b) Selection
Employer selects based on:
Performance characteristics of the hand
protection relative to the task(s) to be
performed
Conditions present
Duration of use
Hazards and potential hazards identified

321

2006 TEEX

Common Types of Gloves

Disposable: light-weight plastic; can help guard
against mild irritants.
Fabric: cotton or fabric blend; improve grip or
insulate from heat or cold.
Leather: guard against injuries from sparks or
scraping against rough surfaces. Combine with an
insulated liner when working with electricity.
Chemical Resistance: nitrile, neoprene, vinyl, etc;
protect hands from chemical exposure
Metal Mesh: protect hands from cuts and scratches;
used commonly with sharp instruments.
Aluminized Fabric: insulate hands from intense
heat; commonly used with molten materials
322

2006 TEEX

1910.95

Hearing Protection

1910.95 Occupational Noise

Exposure
OSHA measures noise in decibels in A
scale (dBA) calculation of one number
for multiple frequencies
TWA calculation, but nonlinear scale
Permissible TWA: 90 dBA for 8 hours
Table G-16: higher exposure, shorter
time allowable
324

2006 TEEX

1910.95(c) Hearing conservation

program
Required for any employees exceeding
8-hour TWA of 85 dBA or 50% dose
Action level

Monitoring, employee notification

Audiometric testing
Baseline and annual
Evaluated for standard threshold shift
(STS) (change in hearing sensitivity)
325

2006 TEEX

1910.95(i) Hearing protectors

Available to all employees exposed over
85 dBA
Replaced as necessary
Must be worn by workers exposed >90
dBA, or before baseline or with STS
Employees choose from variety
Training, supervision of correct use
Proper initial fitting
326

2006 TEEX

1910.95(j) Hearing protector

attenuation
Calculations in Appendix B
Cannot simply subtract Noise Reduction
Rating (NRR) from dBA
Poor fit decreases attenuation

Must attenuate to 90 dBA

If STS has occurred, attenuate to 85
dBA
Re-evaluate when noise levels increase
327

2006 TEEX

Other Regulations

Other Regulations
29 CFR 1926 Subpart E: Personal
Protective and Life Saving Equipment
Construction operations only
If employees supply their own, employer
assures adequacy and maintenance
Includes safety belts, lifelines, lanyards

329

2006 TEEX

Other Regulations
API RP 54 section 5

330

Includes fall protection

Hearing protection includes 12-hour shift
No loose or poorly fitted clothing
Do not work in clothing saturated in
hazardous substance wash and/or treat
skin and change clothes

2006 TEEX

29 CFR 1910.132

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1uA-fMdubTs

 Understand types of PPE

Know the basics of hazards assessment

Become familiar with selection PPE
Recognize what type of training may be needed
Gain resources
Become knowledgeable with appropriate use and
maintenance techniques

Fact or Myth ?
Wearing steel toe boots is
more dangerous than regular
footwear because of the
danger toes may be crushed
or amputated.

http://www.mythbustersfanclub.com/mb2/content/view/32/27/

 Moving objects

Temperature
extremes
Electrical
Connections
Sharp Edges

 Impact
Penetration
Compression (roll over)

Chemical
Biological
Radiation
Temperature extremes
Dusts

<insert link to one pagers on ppe at

MSF>

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsbZ0sSMeRA&feature=related

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/eyeandface/ppe/selection.html

What PPE is necessary

When the PPE is necessary

How to properly put on, wear and remove the PPE

Limitations

Proper care , maintenance, useful life and disposal

1. What if the employee

received training prior to
becoming your
employee?
2. Does the training have
to be documented?

3. Who has to pay for

PPE?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPLnuulYD4&feature=PlayList&p=96E6D03C48F68BBD&playnext_from=PL&playnext=1&index=27