12.

4 () Scaling

R K M R
L K M L
C

C
KM
1
1

0
LC
K M LC / K M

L K L
Q 0 0 M Q
R
KM R

K F

1
1
L L,

C C
R R
1
0
K F 0
L
( L / K F )(C / K F )
L
KF
0 L K F 0 L

Q
C
C
R
RK F
KF

BW 0 K F (BW )
Q

 12.17 KM 102 , K F 106

0 2 rad/s, Q

1H
1
F
2

R R
L
L
R 200
KF
C
C
KF

R K M R
R 200
L K M L
L 100H
C
1
C

C
F
KM
200
Q, 0 , BW

2
, BW 2
2

L 100H
C 0.005F

0 K F 0 0 1.414 106 rad/s

0

BW
K F (BW )
Q

BW 2 10 6

E12.20

RLC R 10, L 1H, C 2F,

100
10,000.

R K M R
R 1k
L K M L
L 100H
C
1
C

C F
KM
50

R R
L
L
R 1k
KF
C
C
KF

L 10mH
C 2F

12.5 Filter Networks

low-pass filter

high-pass filter

passive filter

band-pass filter

4
band-rejection filter

1
V
1
j C
G v ( j ) o

V1 R 1
1 jRC
j C

G v ( j )

1
; RC
1 j

M ( ) | G v |

BW

1
1 2

Gv ( ) tan 1
1
M 1 1

V
R
jCR
G v ( j ) o

V1 R 1
1 jCR
jC

G v ( j )

j
; RC
1 j

M ( ) | G v |
Gv ( )

1 2

LO

tan 1

1
M 1 1

V
G v ( j ) o
V1
M ( )

1
LC

R j L

RC

RC2 2 LC 1

LO

M (LO )

R / L 2 4 20

( R / L)

1
1
LC

M ( 0) M ( ) 0

HI

( R / L)

1
M (HI )
2

R / L 2 4 20

BW HI LO

2
R
L
7

j L

Vo

G v ( j )

1
V1

R j L

2 LC 1

M ( )

RC2 2 LC 1

1
0
LC

M ( 0) M ( ) 1

LO
HI

R / L 2 4 20

( R / L)

( R / L)

R / L 2 4 20
2

 12.18

VR VL VC VS

R
j
VR
R
L

VS
jL R 1 /( jC )
R 1
( j ) 2 j
L LC

VR
( 0 ) 1
VS

VL
jL

VS
jL R 1 /( jC )

VL
j L
( 0 )
jQ
VS
R

VL
0 0, VL ( ) 1
VS
VS

VC
1
( 0 )
jQ
VS
jCR

VC
0 1, VC ( ) 0
VS
VS

2
R 1
( j ) 2 j
L LC

1
VC
1 /( jC )
LC

VS
jL R 1 /( jC )
R 1
( j ) 2 j
L LC

 12.19

notch filter 60Hz

C 100 F, L 70.3 mH

vin (t ) sin 2 60 t 0.2 sin 2 1000 t

1
L
j C
C
Z

1
1
jL
j (L
)
j C
C
jL

Req
Vo

Vin Req Z R
eq

Req
(L / C)
jL (1 / jC )

1
Vo
1
LC

0
2 (60 ) 120
Vin

LC
j

( j ) 2
Req C LC

( j ) 2

LC

Vo
0
LC

10

E12.21 G v ( j ),
1
1
jC
G v ( j )

1
1 jRC
R
jC

RC (10 103 )(20 106 F) 0.2 s

: 5 rad/s
0dB/dec
- 20dB/dec

11

 G v ( j ),

E12.22

G v ( j )

RC (2510 )(20 10 F) 0.5 s

3

R
1
R
jC

jRC
1 jRC

: 20dB/dec. 0dB at

2 rad/s

: 2 rad/s
0dB/dec
- 20dB/dec

12

E12.23 G v ( j ),

G v ( j )

1
1000
LC

: 20dB/dec. 0dB

2 LC 10 6 103 ,
2 RC 10 10
3

LO

HI

( R / L)

R
jRC

2
1
R
jL 1 jRC ( j ) LC
jC

103
2 10

R / L 2 4 20

0.5

1000 rad/s

: 1000 rad/s
0dB/dec
- 40dB/dec

618 rad/s

2
( R / L)

R / L 2 4 20

1618 rad/s

2
40dB / dec

13

1. 1
2.
3.

OP-AMP

14


V
I1 1
Z1

I 0
V 0
V 0

V V
I - I 0
V1 Vo

0
Z1 Z 2

Z
Vo 2 V1
Z1

Z
G 2
Z1

15


I1 0

V1
I 0

V1

Vo V1 V1

Z2
Z1

Vo

Z 2 Z1
V1
Z1

Z
G 1 2
Z1

16

 12.20

()

17

 12.21 ()

18

 12.22 110kHz ()

V1
V1

R
Vo ( j ) 1 4 V1( j )
R3
1
jC 2
V1 ( j )
VS ( j )
R2
1
R1

jR2C1 1 jC2

jR2C1 1
VS ( j )
jR1C2 ( jR2C1 1) jR2C2 ( jR2C1 1)

19

 12.23

1100kHz ()

Z2

V1

VS V1 Vo

0
R1 Z 2 R3
V
V1
o 0
(1 / jC2 ) R4
20

E12.19 G v ( j ), ,

Z1 R1

1
j C

Z 2 R2

Z
R2
jR2C
G v ( j ) 2

Z1
R1 1 / jC
jR1C 1
21


1.
2.

s 2 As B

B c2 ,

B 02 ,

c : cutoff frequency
A 2 c : damping ratio

A 0 / Q

0 : center frequency
Q : quality factor

H( s)

H 0c2
s 2 2 c s c2

22

 12.24

, H 0

R1 R2 R3 5k, C1 C2 0.1F

R
H0 3
R1

H( s)

H 0c2
s 2 2 c s c2

c 2000 rad/s 1.5 H 0 1

23

 12.25

12.24 c 2000 rad/s, C1, C2 1.0, 0.75, 0.50 , 0.25

1014
or C2
C1

1
c
C1C2 1014
R3R2C1C2

0.15 106
1 1014 1
1
1

R2 R3
2
C1
2 C1 R1 R2 R3

C1

0.15 106

C1 0.15,0.2,0.3,0.6 F

C2 67 ,50 ,33,17 nF

12.26 (1V)
0.75

(overshoot)

24

V ( s)
sH o
H(s) o

VS ( s ) s 2 0 s 2
0
Q

0 : center frequency
Q : quality factor

H o passband or dc gain

Vo ( j0 )
j0 H o
QH o

VS ( j0 ) ( j ) 2 0 ( j ) 2
0
0
0
0
Q

BW HI LO 0
Q

1
s

Vo ( s )
R1C1

VS ( s )
1
1 1 R1 / R3
s
s 2

R
C
R
C
R1R2C1C2
2 2
2 1

OP-AMP

1 R1 / R3
R1R2C1C2

1 R1 / R3
R CC
2 1 2 Q
0 C1 C2
1 C1 / C2
Q

1 1
1

BW 0
Q R2 C1 C2

H( j0 )

R
1

2
0
R1 1 C1 / C2

QH o

R2C1
R1C2
25

 12.27

0
Q

C1 C2 C

1 R1 / R3
R1R2C1C2
1 R1 / R3
1 C1 / C2

0
R2C1
R1C2

1 1
1

BW

Q R2 C1 C2

H( j0 )

R
1

2
0
R1 1 C1 / C2

QH o

1 1 R1 / R3
C
R1R2

1
R
1 1
2
R3

BW

R2
R1

2
R2C

H ( j 0 )

R2
2 R1

26

 12.28
0

, C 0.1F

1 1 R1 / R3
C
R1R2

1. BW

1
R
1 1
2
R3

R2
R1

BW 2000 rad/s, Q 3, H( j0 ) 5

BW

2
R2C

H ( j 0 )

R2
2 R1

2
2
2
R2

10 k

6
R2C
(BW) C 2000 0.110

R2
R2
10 103
2. H( j0 )
R1

1 k
2 R1
2H( j0 )
2 (5)
3. Q 1 1 R1
2
R3
0

R2
1 10000
1000
3
1
R3 385
R1
2 1000
R3

1 1 R1 / R3
1
1 1000 / 385

6000 rad/s
7 1000 10000
C
R1R2
10

27

 12.29

12.28 600 ~ 60 kHz

5

OP-AMP Ri , Ro 0, A 10

0 6000 rad/s

BW 2000 rad/s

OP-AMP

28


(OTA)

OP-AMP
OTA (operational transconductance amplifier)

OP-AMP

OTA

OTA

29

OTA OP-AMP

OTA

Op-Amp

Ro
g m vin
Ro RL

vo

RL
Av vin
Ro RL

io

vin

Rin
vS
RS Rin

vin

Rin
vS
RS Rin

io Ro Rin
Gm

gm

vS Ro RL RS Rin

RL Rin
v
A o
Av

vS Ro RL RS Rin
Amplifier type

Ideal Rin

Ideal Ro

Ideal Gain

Input Current

Input Voltage

OP-AMP

OTA

gm

nonzero 30

OTA

OTA

io g m v1
1 t
vo io ( x)dx vo (0)
C0

gm
vo (t )
C

io g m (0 vin ) g mvin
iin io 0 iin io

v1 ( x)dx vo (0)

vin
1
Req
iin
gm

I o g m V1

Vo

Io
j C

Vo

gm
V1
j C

31

OTA

g m1v1

gm1 v1 gm2 v2

g m2v2

vo

1
g m3

( g m1 v1 g m2 v2 )

32

OTA

g m

g m I ABC

(sensitivity)
g m1 S
20
I ABC A

g m 10 mS

g m 10 mS

g m range : 3 - 7 decades g m range : 4 decades

g m 1 S
10mS
(e.g ., g m
)
0.05 A I ABC 0.5 mA
107

V VG
I ABC CC
RG

V
I ABC CC
RG

(VG 0)

33

 12.30

25k

g m 4 mS
gm

4 mS

4 10 7 S

104
g m 20 I ABC

vin
1
Req
iin
gm
25 10 3

1
g m 40 S 4 10 7 S
gm

g
I ABC m 2 106 A 2 A
20

34

 12.31

(Floating)

1. Req v1 / i1 g m 4 mS
g m 4 10 7 S

2. Req 80 k

g m 20 I ABC

3. Req 10 M

io g m vin

Req 1 / g m 80 k
g m1 g m2 g m 12.5 S
g
I ABC m 0.625 A
20

io1 g m1v1

io 2 g m 2v1

i1 io1

io 2 i1

v
1
Req 1
i1 g m1

v
1
Req 1
i1 g m 2

g m1 g m 2

Req 1 / g m 10 M
g m1 g m2 g m 0.1 S 4 10 7 S
OTA!

35

 12.32

g m1, g m2 , g m3 ,
a) vo 10v1 2v2
b) vo 10v1 2v2

vo

1
g m3

Case a:

( g m1 v1 g m2 v2 )

Case b:

g m 4 mS
g m 4 10 7 S
g m 20 I ABC

v2

g m1
g
10; m 2 2
g m3
g m3

g m3 0.1 mS I ABC3

1
10 4 A 5 A
20

g m2 0.2 mS I ABC 2 10 A
g m1 1 mS I ABC1 50 A

36

g m 20 I ABC

v2 (I ABC )
v1, vo

37


1. OTA1
vo gain

2. gm1 vo

vin is small vo Avin

vin is large vo

A
( vin )
B

38

OTA-C

OTA

Gv

Vo
Vi1

OTAs
Vo

1
C
jC

I C I o1 I o 2

I o1 g m1Vi1 I o 2 g m2 Vo
1
g m1Vi1 g m2Vo
Vo
jC

ADC

g m1
g m2

g m2
C

g
fC C m2
2 2C

g m1 / g m 2
Vo
Vi1
1 jC / g m 2
39

 12.33

C 25 pF

V
G v o
Vi1

Vo
g m1 / g m 2

Vi1 1 jC / g m 2

g m2
2 (105 )
C
12

gm2 2 (10 )(25 10

5

) 15.7 S

g m 1 mS

2 (10 )
5

gm

1 mS

1 S
103
g m 20I ABC

g m1
4
g m2

I ABC 2

15.7 S
0.785 A
20

g m1 62 .8 S I ABC1 3.14 A

40

Tow-Thomas OTA-C biquad filter

Vo
A( j ) 2 B( j ) C

Vin ( j ) 2 0 ( j ) 2
0
Q

41

Tow-Thomas OTA-C biquad filter

Vo
A( j ) 2 B( j ) C

Vin ( j ) 2 0 ( j ) 2
0
Q
Vo1
g
m1 ( )
Vi1 Vo 2 jC1
I o 2 g m 2 (Vo1 Vi 2 )
I o 2 I o3 ( jC2 )Vo 2
I o3 g m3 (Vi3 Vo 2 )

jC2 g m3
g

Vi1 Vi 2 m3 Vi3
g

g m2
g m2
Vo1 m2
C1C2
2 g m3C1
(
j

)
g g
g g ( j ) 1
m1 m2
m2 m1

0
Q

jC1
jC1g m3
Vi1
V

Vi3
i2
g m1
g m1g m2

Vo 2
C1C2
2 g m3C1
g g ( j ) g g ( j ) 1
m1 m2
m2 m1

g m1g m 2 0 g m3
,

,
C1C2
Q
C2
g m1g m 2
2
gm
3

C2
C1

gm k
I ABC
0
C
C
g m1 g m 2
gm
I
ABC
Q
C1 C2
g m3 I ABC 3
g m3 k

BW

I ABC 3

C
C

42

 12.34

C 5 pF 0 6 MHz, Q 5, dc gain 1 filter

gm k

I ABC
0
C
C
g m1 g m 2
gm
I
ABC
Q
C1 C2
g m3 I ABC 3
g m3 k

BW

I ABC 3

C
C

g m 0C 2 (6 106 )(5 1012 ) 188.5 S

g
188.5 S
I ABC1 I ABC 2 m
9.425 A
k
20

g
g m3 m 37 .7 S
Q

g
37.7 S
I ABC 3 m3
1.885 A
k
20

43