Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PARTS OF A TREE
Crown
Roots
Trunk/Stem
supports the crown and gives the tree its shape and
strength. The trunk consists of four layers of tissue.
These layers contain a network of tubes that runs
between the roots and the leaves and acts as the
central plumbing system for the tree.
Heartwood
Xylem/ Sapwood
Cambium
Phloem/Inner bark
Bark
WOOD
Wood
LUMBER
Lumber
PROPERTIES OF WOOD AS A
BUILDING MATERIAL:
Strong material
Durable
Light in weight
Ease of working and fastening
With artistic and natural beauty
ADVANTAGES OF WOOD AS A
BUILDING MATERIAL
In proportion to weight, wood is stronger than other
materials.
Wood is easily worked out with tools and fabricated
into many shapes, sizes and design.
Wood is excellent no-conductor of heat. It is warm
in winter and cool in summer.
With artistic grains and appearance conducive to
architectural designs, adding beauty and attraction
to the furniture and interior finishes.
It is abundant in many shapes, color, sizes and as
renewable resources.
Resistant to compression
Stiffness or ability to resist bending stress
Strength in tension or ability to resist lengthwise stress
Shearing strength or ability of the fibers to resist rupture
along or across the grain
CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD
Mode of Growth:
Exogenous outward growing trees most preferred for
lumbering
Indigenous inside growing trees; less referred for
lumbering because the center core of the log is soft and
brittle in character.
Leaves
Needle shape
Broad shape
Grain
White
Yellow
Orange
Red
Brown
Black, etc
Straight grain
Cross grain
Fine grain
Coarse grain
Straight grain
Plain
Grained
Figured or marked
Fine grain
Softwoods
Pine
- a soft, white or pale yellow wood
which is light weight, straight
grained and lacks figure. It resists
shrinking and swelling. Knotty pine
is often used for decorative effect.
Ash
- a hard, heavy, ring porous
hardwood. It has a prominent
grain that resembles oak, and
a white to light brown color.
Ash can be differentiated from
hickory (pecan) which it also
resembles, by white dots in the
darker summerwood which can
be seen with the naked eye.
Ash burls have a twisted,
interwoven figure.
Birch
- a hard, heavy, close grained hardwood
with a light brown or reddish colored
heartwood and cream or light sapwood.
Cedar
- a knotty softwood which has a
red-brown color with light streaks.
Its aromatic and moth repellent qualities
have made it a popular wood for lining
drawers, chests and boxes.
Redwood
- The best quality redwood comes
from the heartwood which is
Resistant to deterioration due to
sunlight, moisture and insects.
It is used to craft outdoor furniture
and decorative carvings. Redwood
burls have a "cluster of eyes" figure.
Hemlock
- Light in weight, uniformly
textured. It machines well and has
low resistance to decay and
nonresinous.
Fir
- Works easy and finishes well.
Uniform in texture and nonresinous.
Has low resistance to decay. Used
in furniture, doors, frames, windows,
plywood, veneer, general millwork
and interior trim.
Spruce
- Strong and hard. Finishes well
and has low resistance to decay.
Has moderate shrinkage and light
in weight. Used for masts and spars
for ships, aircraft, crates, boxes,
general millwork and ladders.
Hardwoods
Oak
- a heavy, strong, light colored
hardwood. It is ring porous, due
to the fact that more and larger
conductive vessels are laid down
early in the summer, rather than
later. Prominent rings and large
pores give oak a course texture and
prominent grain. Oak also has
conspicuous medullary rays which
can be seen as "flakes" in quarter
sawed oak lumber.
Maple
- so hard and resistant to shocks
that it is often used for bowling
alley floors. Burls, leaf figure, and
birds-eye figures found in maple
are used extensively for veneers.
The Birds eye figure in maple is
said to be the result of stunted
growth and is quite rare.
Mahogany
- is strong, with a uniform pore
structure and poorly defined annual
rings. It has a reddish - brown color
and may display stripe, ribbon,
broken stripe, rope, ripple, mottle,
fiddleback or blister figures.
Mahogany is an excellent carving
wood and finishes well.
Cherry
- A moderately hard, strong,
closed grain, light to red-brown
wood, cherry resists warping and
checking. It is easy to carve and polish.
Walnut
- strong, hard and durable, without
being excessively heavy. It has excellent
woodworking qualities, and takes
finishes well. The wood is light to dark
chocolate brown in color with a straight
grain in the trunk. Wavy grain is present toward the roots,
and walnut stumps are often dug out and used
as a source of highly figured veneer.
Rosewood
- Very hard and has a dark reddish
brown color. It is fragrant and close
grained. It is hard to work and takes
high polish.
Teak
- a yellow to dark brown hardwood
which is extremely heavy, strong and
durable. Often strongly figured, teak
may show straight grain, mottled or
fiddleback figures. It carves well, but
because of its high value, is often used
as a veneer.
Hickory
- one of the heaviest and hardest
woods available. Pecan is a species of
hickory sometimes used in furniture.
It has a close grain without much figure.
Beech
- a hard, strong, heavy wood with tiny
pores and large conspicuous medullary
rays, similar in appearance to maple.
This relatively inexpensive wood has
reddish brown heartwood and light
sapwood.
WOOD JOINERY
Half-Lap Joint
The half-lap joint is where half of
each of the two boards being joined
is removed, so that the two boards
join together flush with one another.
This type of wood joinery can
obviously weaken the strength of the
two adjoining boards, but also is a
stronger joint than butt joints.
Biscuit Joint
Another method for joining boards
along the edges (like the tongue
and groove joint) is to cut slots and
use beechwood wafers (known as
biscuits) to hold the boards in place.
This is a very useful modern wood
working joint, particularly for creating
table tops, relying on glue and the
swelling of the beechwood biscuit to
hold the boards in place.
Pocket Joint
The Pocket Joint is a type of wood
joinery that involves cutting a slot
and pre-drilling a pilot hole at an
angle between two boards before
connecting the two with a screw.
This pre-drilling needs to be very
accurate, so it is typically
accomplished by use of a commercial jig.
Dado
A dado is nothing more than a
square-grooved slot in one board
where another board will fit. Similar
to tongue and groove joinery, this is
a commonly-used wood joint for connecting
plywood, such as building cabinetry
Rabbet
A rabbet is essentially a dado cut
along the edge of a board. Rabbets
are often used at the back of cabinets
and other similar assemblies for
attaching the back to the sides of the
box, adding a considerable amount
of strength to the assembly.
Sliding Dovetail
A sliding dovetail is a versatile joint
with a lot of possible uses. A good
way to think of it is as a locking
dado. Learn the keys to building
a clean sliding dovetail joint, and
when to use one.
Box Joint
Dovetail joints are beautiful and
strong, but not always practical.
A box joint is a simpler alternative
to the dovetail joint. Learn how to
build consistent and strong box joints
in your woodworking projects.
PREPARATION OF WOOD
SEASONING OF WOOD
DEFECTS OF WOOD
Abnormal
growth
1. Heart shakes are radial cracks
originating at the heart of the logs.
2. Wind shakes or Cup shakes cracks
or breaks across the annual rings of timber
during its growth caused by excessive
bending of the tree due to wind.
3. Star shakes composed of several
heart shakes radiating from the Center of
the log in a star-like manner.
4. Knots usually occur at the starting
point of a limb or branch of the wood.
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Surfaced or dressed lumber
is a planed lumber having at
least one smooth side.
S2s & S4s planed or dressed
lumber of which the number connotes