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Surge Arresters
IEEE C62.11-1999
No Gap:
I=kVa
Series Gap:
Shunt Gap:
Series Gaps
Duty Cycle Rating
Operating voltage
Arrester voltage
Grading circuitry
a
I=kV
Silicon carbide blocks
ma
Ln Current
ka
Gap
Elements
Brown is down!!
GE Thyrite
Westinghouse LVS
IEEE C62.11-1999
Arrester
Class:
10
Arrester Class:
The key test for determining class is the Pressure Relief Test:
Arrester must vent at or below the rated current for both the high and
low current values
Parts of the arrester must not fall outside a circle with the radius equal
to the height of the arrester (it can fall down!)
11
Arrester class
MOV
Design
Tests
13
Protective Characteristics
Discharge current
Lightning impulse
Switching impulse
Arrester Survival
MCOV
Temporary over-voltage (TOV)
Duty Cycle (accelerated aging)
Transmission line discharge
Pressure Relief tests (arrester class)
Porcelain vs polymer
14
Discharge Current:
The surge current that flows through an arrester.
In a gapless arrester the peak voltage that appears across the
arrester at the discharge current is the protective level.
A series of 8/20 current waves are used with the peak
amplitudes listed below:
1500a
3000a
5000a
I
10000a
V
15000a (500kv only)
20000a (distribution & subtransmission
- unshielded)
40000a
These points are used to compare to the equipment BIL.
The manufacturers published information shall state for each
arrester rating the maximum discharge voltage for each
discharge current listed.
15
IEEE C62.11-1999
16
LPL - An 8x20 lightning impulse discharge current is passed through the arrester
to determine the discharge voltages.
The current magnitude is the classifying current for the appropriate system
voltage. It simulates the current magnitude and shape that the arrester would have
to shunt to ground due to a lightning stroke coming in on the 138kv line.
Example: an arrester applied on a 138kv system should use a 10ka 8x20 u-sec
classifying current. This produces 164.9kv at the arrester. This is the protective
level (LPL).
The voltage protective level coordinates with the equipment BIL withstand
value
17
Front-of-Wave Protective
Levels:
FOW Three current impulses (1 u-sec, 2 u-sec and 8 u-sec rise) are
passed through the arrester and the three crest voltages are plotted against
time.
Again the current magnitude is the appropriate impulse classifying current.
The Front-of -Wave protective level is the point on the curve at .5 useconds
This protective level coordinates with the equipment chopped wave
withstand
18
19
20
Protective Characteristics
Discharge current
Lightning impulse
Switching impulse
Arrester Survival
MCOV
Temporary over-voltage (TOV)
Duty Cycle (accelerated aging)
Transmission line discharge
Pressure Relief tests (arrester class)
Porcelain vs polymer
21
MOV Nameplate
Be sure MCOV value is correct
Class must also be
Correct
22
24
Metal Oxide
Arrester Ratings:
26
Switching
Surges:
Z0= L/C
Assume that High Speed Re-closing traps a negative 1 P.U. charge on the line.
Then when the breaker re-closes the maximum voltage at the open end can
approach a maximum of 3.5 - 4.0 P.U. for multiple reflections depending on
damping (R):
3.5 P.U.
27
28
Surge impedance
Line Length
30
32
Arc
Chutes:
33
Arc
Chutes:
Seal plates
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Arrester Installation
Arc
Chutes:
Arc chutes should face
away from other
equipment or bushings
42
43
Infrastructure
Silicon Carbide Arrester
Replacement Program
Arrester
Maintenance, Field
Tests & Failures
45
Leakage Current:
Measure leakage current with the arrester energized
Increasing resistive component of
the leakage current indicates blocks are
failing (losses are proportional to i2)
ma
watts
vars
46
47
Effects of Contamination:
Contamination causes an unequal voltage
distribution across the outside surface of
the arrester.
In arresters with internal gaps and grading
circuitry this can also cause an imbalance
of voltage across the gaps and results in
improper operation and premature
failure of the arrester.
48
Power Factor:
Apply 10kv to terminal and measure
leakage current
Resistive component of leakage current
indicates internal moisture contamination
10 kv
watts
vars
49
50
Example:
During Class A Maintenance on the No. 2
transformer at Doubs Substation, the
Substation Crew decided to perform Power
Factor Testing on the high side arresters.
Testing revealed an abnormal test pattern on
the Z phase arrester
The next slides show the test results of a
neighboring similar arrester as well as the
results from the arrester in question.
51
Arrester Details
ABB
EXLIM
Style T396SA318AAP
Serial No. 00M3001
52
Test Results
on a Good Arrester
Test Results
on the Arrester in Question
Z Phase results (4/28/2003)
mA
Z Top
0.376
Z Mid
0.309
Z Bott
0.034
Watts
0.142
1.550
0.211
54
Retest Results
on the Arrester in Question
Phase results (4/30/2003) after cleaning surfaces
mA
Watts
Top
0.360
0.113
Mid
0.236
0.948
Bott
0.311
0.010
The retests did show a slight improvement of the
readings after the cleaning. The middle section
was still different from a typical reading. The
decision was made to replace the arrester
assembly.
55
Test Results
on the Arrester in Question
Phase results (4/30/2003) on the ground after
disassembly
mA
Watts
Mid
0.384
1.471
Bott
0.317
0.082
The tests on the ground showed that the bottom
section was of typical values but the middle
section was still different from the typical
readings. The arrester was sent to ABB in
Youngwood, PA for further investigation.
56
ABB Investigation
6/3/2002
ABB Investigation
6/3/2002
Top of Middle section Arrester with Retaining
plate removed and seal plate exposed.
58
ABB Investigation
6/3/2002
Under side of Seal plate after removal
ABB Investigation
6/3/2002
Inside arrester with Seal plate removed
ABB Investigation
6/3/2002
A close inspection of the seal plate revealed a
crack in the plate.
61
ABB Investigation
6/3/2002
Removal of first MOV Disc. Notice the
surface contamination on the disc
62
ABB Investigation
6/3/2002
Removal of entire stack of
MOV Discs. Notice the
surface contamination on all
the discs
63
Megger Test:
64
65
Infrared Imaging
66
Visual Inspection
67
Failed Arresters:
Failure assessment
Suspect Arresters
68
69