EoS Neutron Star

T h e h ig h d e n s i t y e q u at i o n o f
s ta t e f o r n e u t r o n s ta r s a n d
P(aCr tC )I:
o fe s t a t e f o r n e u t r o n
- sEuq upat
e ri onnos va
s ta r m at t e r
Micaela Oertel
m i caela. oertel@obspm.fr
Laboratoire Univers et Theories (LUTH)

CNRS / Observatoire de Paris/ Universite Paris
Diderot
NewComsptar School, Barcelona, September,2226,2014
Micaela Oertel (LUTH)
EoS for NS and SN
Barcelona, September 22-26, 2014
1 / 52
Outline
1
In t r o d u c t i o
n
EoS for NS and SN
2 / 52
Outline
1
2n C o n s t r u c t i n g a n e q u at i o n o f
s tat e
EoS for NS and SN
2 / 52
Outline
1
s tat e
3
Nuclear interaction
mod e l s
Nucleon-Nucleon interaction
Models for heavier nuclei
Constraints on the EoS
Models for bulk matter
EoS for NS and SN
2 / 52
Outline
1
s tat e
3
Nuclear interaction
mod e l s
Nucleon-Nucleon interaction
Models for heavier nuclei
Models for bulk matter
Ex o tic
h a d r o n i c m at t e r
4
Hyperons
EoS for NS and SN
2 / 52
N o wa d a y s
Crab
pulsar
Vela
pulsar
Almost 2000 neutron stars

have been observed as
pulsars, among others
Crab, Vela, Geminga,
Hulse-Taylor double pulsar,
...
Hubble (blue, opt ic), Chandra (red, X)
Chandra (X)
R X J 1856-37
Some (the magnificant seven) have been

observed only by their thermal emission
Magnetars have extremely high magnetic
fields ( 1015 G at the surface)
EoS for NS and SN
3 / 52
W h y a n e u t ro n s t a r ?
Theoretical argument : high density electrically neutral
matter in -equilibrium high neutron fraction (later
. . .)
SN 1987A
Observational argument : Neutron stars are formed

in supernova events. For SN1987A 24 antineutrinos
have been observed,
11 KamiokandeII
8 IMB
This 5is Baksan
generally interpreted as a proof for the classical
scenario with two main sources of (anti-)neutrino
production, the neutronization reaction p + e n +
e and the inverse process n + e+ p + e
EoS for NS and SN
S up e r k a m i o k a n d
e
4 / 52
P h y s i c a l i n g r e d i e n t s t o mo d e l t h e s e
sFirst
y sstep,
t e mbuilding
s equilibrium models :
give the gravitational law (self-gravitating body), here General
Relativity described by Einsteins equations ;
assume that matter can be treated as a perfect fluid, specified by
the energy-momentum tensor of the form
T =
.
u u + p g
c2
write the equilibrium conditions following from conservation of energy

and momentum T = 0 ;
assume thermal equilibrium ;
give a law for the pressure as a function of the systems
thermodynamical state
EoS for NS and SN
5 / 52
sFirst
y sstep,
t e mbuilding
T =
.
u u + p g
c2

thermodynamical state equation of state (EoS).
EoS for NS and SN
5 / 52
sFirst
y sstep,
t e mbuilding
T =
.
u u + p g
c2

thermodynamical state equation of state (EoS).
The EoS specifies the nuclear matter properties and, in particular the strength
of the interaction between particles, which is to equilibrate gravity.
EoS for NS and SN
5 / 52
M at t e r c o mp o s i t i o n a n d e q u at i o n o f
s tat e
of a
Initial Ph a s e of Co llap s e
R [km]
Ne ut ri no Trap pi ng
R [km]
(t ~ 0)
RFe~ 3000
( t ~ 0.1s ,
~1 0 g / c m )
Matter composition changes dramatically through the core

collapse
D i f f e r e n t s ta g e s
s u p e r n o va
Starting point : onion like
structure with iron/nickel
core+ degenerate
electrons
Upon compression
(+deleptonisation) : heavier
and more neutron rich
nuclei
RFe
~ 100
Si
Fe, Ni
0.5
~ MCh M(r) [M ]
1.0
0.5
M(r) [M ]
Mhc 1.0
heavy nuclei
Si
Siburning shell
Siburning shell
B ou nc e an d S ho ck F o rm a ti o n
(t ~ 0.11s,
R [km]
o)
Explosion (t ~ 0.2s)
e e
f ree n, p
Ni
M(r) [M ]
1.0
e
nuclei
Siburning shell
Si
R [km]
Neu t rin o Coo l in g an d Neu t rin o

Drive n W i n d (t ~ 1 0s )
10 5
104
e e
Fe
Ni
10
Si
2
e e
PNS
nuclear matter
Si p
100
R ~~ 50
0.5
Siburning shell
Fe, Ni
Rgg ~~
free n,
p
Si M(r) [M ]
1.0
nuclei
position of
shock
formation
S ho ck S t a gn a t io n a nd Heat ing,
R [km]
Rss ~ ~ 200
For n B > n0/ 2 : nuclei

disappear in favor of
free nucleons
relatively unknown
Composition of matter
All this above
has to be covered by the
EoS !
n0 and at T > 10 MeV
Rs ~ 100 km
R
~~
1010
0.5
nuclear matter
(t ~ 0. 12 s)
RFe
Fe
radius of
shock
formation
S h oc k Pr o p ag atFe,
io n Ni
an d e Bur st
R [km]
rprocess?
10
He
e e
Rns ~~
1.3
gain layer
1.5 cooling layer
M(r) [M ]
10
R
PNS 1.4
nn
n, pp
12
,n,
Be,
3 M(r) [M ]
C, seed
(Janka et al. 07)
EoS for NS and SN
6 / 52
M at t e r c o mp o s i t i o n a n d e q u at i o n o f
s tat e
collapse
N u c l e a r a b u n d an c i e s
s ta g e s
core+ degenerate
electrons
Upon compression
nuclei
at d i f f e r e n t
T= 9.01 GK, = 6.80e+09 g/cm3, Y =.0.433

e
Z (Proton Number)
40
30
20
10
Log (Mass Fraction)

5
60
70
10
20
30
40
50
90
80
N ( Neutr on Number )
T= 17.84 GK, = 3.39e+11 g/cm3, Y =.0.379

e
Z (Proton Number)
40

free nucleons
relatively unknown
of matter
All this Composition
has to be covered
by the
above EoS !
30
20
Log (Mass Fraction)
10
5
0
0
40
10
20
30
50
80
N ( Neutr on Number
)
60
70
90
(Janka et al. 07)

EoS for NS and SN
7 / 52
M at t e r c o mp o s i t i o n a n d t h e e q u a t i o n
o f s ta t e
collapse
P h a s e d i ag r a m o f b u l k
(m at
R M tF e/ Tr M A )
core+ degenerate
Y =0.5
electrons
Y =0.3
Y =0.1
Upon compression
nuclei
nuclear
T [MeV]
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
2
0

free nucleons
relatively unknown
of matter
All this Composition
has to be covered
by the
above EoS !
10
-10
10
-9
10
-8
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-3
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
nB [fm ]
(Hempel & Schaffner-Bielich 09)

EoS for NS and SN
8 / 52
How to construct an equation of

state ?
An equation of state is a relation between two or more functions describing the
thermodynamic state of matter, e.g. temperature, density, pressure, energy, i.e.
it describes the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions. It
assumes thermal equilibrium.
EoS for NS and SN
9 / 52
R e m i n d e r o f t h e r mo d y n a m i c i d e n t i t i e s
There are different thermodynamic potentials depending on the
temperature (T )/the entropy (S), the volume (V )/the pressure (p), the
particle number (N )/the chemical potential (), or the corresponding
densities (s, n)
the energy density (s, n i )
the free energy density f (T, n i ) = T s
X
the grand canonical potential density (T, i ) = Ts i ni

the conjugate variables are related via derivatives, e.g. n i = i
i
There is a chemical potential associated with each conserved quantity (charge,

baryon number, lepton number) and the individual chemical potentials are
linear combinations of q , B , l , e.g. proton = B + q .
At zero temperature the entropy vanishes.
EoS for NS and SN
10 / 52
Part I : Neutron star

EoS
EoS for NS and SN
11 / 52
A n e q u at i o n o f s ta t e f o r n e u t r o n
s ta r s
Start with homogeneous neutron star matter :
f (T, n B , nq , n l ) would be a pertinent (and convenient) equation of
state
EoS for NS and SN
12 / 52
A n e q u at i o n o f s ta t e f o r n e u t r o n
s ta r s
Start with homogeneous neutron star matter :
f (T, n B , nq , nl ) would be a pertinent (and convenient) equation of state
soon after their birth in supernovae ( minutes), neutron stars are
sufficiently cool for temperature effects on the EoS to be neglected in
general
strong, electromagnetic, and weak reactions are at equilibrium (this
includes in particular -equilibrium)
global charge neutrality should be fulfilled (nq = 0)
all state variables are functions of only one parameter, chosen to be e.g.
the baryon number density n B .
EoS for NS and SN
12 / 52
Mor e precisely . . .
Homogeneous (bulk) matter in the core of neutron stars
should be charge neutral :
qi n i = 0. For matter composed of neutrons,
protons, and electrons this means just np = n e .

should be in -equilibrium. This means the reactions
p + e n + e
and n p + e + e
should be in equilibrium. In bulk matter this can be achieved by the
following condition on the chemical potentials :
p + e = n + e .
Remind that the chemical potential corresponds to the energy needed to
add one particle to the Fermi sea.
Since neutrinos can freely leave the (cold) neutron star, their
chemical potential (= l ) is zero and the -equilibrium condition
reduces to
p + e = n .
EoS for NS and SN
13 / 52
Mor e precisely . . .
Homogeneous (bulk) matter in the core of neutron stars
should be charge neutral :
qi n i = 0. For matter composed of neutrons,
protons, and electrons this means just np = n e .

should be in -equilibrium. This means the reactions
p + e n + e
and n p + e + e
should be in equilibrium. In bulk matter this can be achieved by the
following condition on the chemical potentials :
p + e = n + e .
Remind that the chemical potential corresponds to the energy needed to
add one particle to the Fermi sea.
Since neutrinos can freely leave the (cold) neutron star, their
chemical potential (= l ) is zero and the -equilibrium condition
reduces to
p + e = n .
Attention : in the literature, the chemical potentials of the nucleons are
sometimes defined without the particle mass. If this is the case, the masses
EoS for NS and SN
13 / 52
The f ree Fermi gas
The most simple equation of state would be a free Fermi gas of n, p,

e.
F
i
q 2 m2 giving = q (n
2
+ m2
ni = p3 with pF =
i
i
i
i
i
3
2/3
3 )
2
charge neutrality (np = n e ) and the -equilibrium condition then allow
to determine n e as a function of n B = n n + np n i = n i (n B )
EoS for NS and SN
14 / 52
The f ree Fermi gas

0.03
Ye
0.02
0.01
0
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
nB [fm-3]
Ye = n e / n B
charge neutral matter in -equilibrium becomes neutron
rich
EoS for NS and SN
15 / 52
The f ree Fermi gas

The most simple equation of state would be a free Fermi gas of n, p,
e.
F
i
q 2 m2 giving = q (n
2
+ m2
ni = p3 with pF =
i
i
i
i
i
3
2/3
3 )
2
charge neutrality (np = n e ) and the -equilibrium condition then allow
to determine n e as a function of n B = n n + np n i = n i (n B )
energy density
P Fi
2 0
i =n,p,e Z
d p q p + m2i
(2) 3
2
3 (32) 2/3
3
e
5/3
i
5 2m i n ) + 4 (32) 1/3n 4/3
=
(mi ni
i =n,p
+I have used the non-rel. approximation for nucleons and neglected m e )
(Here
pressure p = +
i ni (note that
i =n,p,e
i n i = B n B )
i =n,p,e
EoS for NS and SN
16 / 52
N S mo d e l s : T o l m a n - O p p e n h e i m e r - V o l k o v
system
Consider hydrostatic solutions in spherical symmetry
Einstein and hydrostatic equations then reduce to :
dm
dr
d
dr
dp
dr
=
4r 2
=
2Gm 1
r c2
Gm
p
d dr
2
+ 4G
r2
c2
c
+
In the newtonian limit m(r ) describes the enclosed mass and (r )
the gravitational potential.
EoS for NS and SN
17 / 52
N S mo d e l s : T o l m a n - O p p e n h e i m e r - V o l k o v
system
Consider hydrostatic solutions in spherical symmetry
Einstein and hydrostatic equations then reduce to :
dm
dr
d
dr
dp
dr
=
4r 2
=
2Gm 1
r c2
Gm
p
d dr
2
+ 4G
r2
c2
c
+
In the newtonian limit m(r ) describes the enclosed mass and (r )
the gravitational potential.
This system of partial differential equations is called
the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkov (TOV) system
EoS for NS and SN
17 / 52
From a book of
statistical mechanics :
The process which has
been discussed leads to
the formation of a
degenerate gas of
neutrons. It is mainly
the quantum pressure
of this gas which is
stabilising the star.
Free gas a good EoS ?
EoS for NS and SN
18 / 52
The f ree Fermi gas

But life is not as
simple !
Mg [Msun]
0.8
0.6
0.4
5
10
15
20
25
30
R [km]
Historical note : A neutron Fermi gas EoS led Oppenheimer and Volkov
(Oppenheimer& Volkov, Phys. Rev. 55 (1939) 374) to predict maximum NS masses of 0.7M
But : Maximum neutron star mass < 1M in contradiction with observations !
EoS for NS and SN
19 / 52
The nuclear interaction comes into

play . . .
EoS for NS and SN
20 / 52
S o me b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e n u c l e o n nucleon intera ction

Mainly two experimental sources of information :
deuteron properties since the deuteron is the only bound two-nucleon
state (di-neutron and di-proton are unbound)
NN diffusion
experiments The main
conclusions are :
the NN interaction is charge independent introduction of
isospin (Heisenberg, 1932 )
Proton and neutron have isospin 1/ 2 with different
orientations
Small isospin violating contributions only from electromagnetic
corrections and differences in mass.
the NN interaction is short-range ( fm) with an attractive part and
strong repulsion below roughly 0.5 fm
the NN interaction is spin-dependent and there are important
pairing
correlations
EoS for NS and SN
21 /
52
NN i n t e r a c t i o n
Nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction
relatively well known
Potential described in terms
of meson exchange (, )
Paris potential, Bonn potential,
Argonne potential . . . : very
precise description of phase shift
data, deuteron
Problem with three-body force
Recently : modern potentials based on chiral perturbation theory
(effective field theory EFT of low-energy QCD)
big advantage : consistent three-body forces (success for neutron-rich
nuclei)
Ab-initio calculations up to A 12
EoS for NS and SN
22 / 52
The n u c l e a r la n d scape
limits of the chart : neutron and proton

driplines inclination due to electromagnetic
forces
existence of magic numbers with strongly bound
nuclei (shell closures)
EoS for NS and SN
23 / 52
M o d e l s f o r he av ie r n uc le i
1. The liquid drop model
Principal idea : density of nuclei approximately constant (liquid drops)
Binding energy determined from volume, surface,asymmetry, Coulomb
and pairing terms :
2
B = aV A + aS A 2/3 + aA (N Z ) aC Z2 + (mod(N ,2)+mod(Z ,2) 1)
A
P
A 1/ 3
A 1/ 2
a
Nuclear binding energies can be very precisely
reproduced
2. The shell model
Original idea : nucleons move in a
(harmonic oscillator) potential and fill up
the shells
Inspired by atomic shell model, but LS
interaction important (magic numbers) !
Residual interaction very precisely fitted to
experimental data
EoS for NS and SN
24 / 52
M o d e l s f o r h e a v i e r n u c l e i : me a n
f i e l d mo d e l s
Selfconsistent approach (variational principle) : minimizing of h|H |i
with product ansatz (Slater determinant) for the wave function
Take effective interaction to take correlations into account
Modern interpretation in terms of Kohn-Sham energy density
functional theory
Good description of the nuclear chart up to very heavy nuclei
3.
The non-relativistic Skyrme and Gogny

interaction Zero range force (Skyrme), finite
range (Gogny) Spin-orbit interaction added by
hand
4. The relativistic mean field (RMF)
Relativistic (special relativity) treatment of the nucleons
Interaction described via effective ( !) meson exchange
EoS for NS and SN
25 / 52
M o d e l s f o r b u l k ma t t e r
Ab-initio calculations up to A 12 (not adequate for the description

of nuclear matter !)
for nuclear matter there are two types of models
phenomenological models with effective interactions
liquid drop
mean field
ab initio microscopic calculations starting from the basic NN

interaction
Brueckner-Hartree-Fock (BHF)
Self-consisten Greens function
Variational techniques
Vlow k
...
EoS for NS and SN
26 / 52

1. Symmetric nuclear matter
For symmetric nuclear matter (i.e. nn = np ), the energy per baryon as a
function of density has a minimum at nuclear matter saturation density, n 0 =
0.16fm 3. The binding energy at this point is E b = 16M eV .
Several coefficients of an expansion of the energy per baryon around saturation
are measured in nuclear experiments (x = nB / n 0 1) :
1
1 3
1
2
2
E (nB , ) = E b + 1 K x2 +
K x + (J + L x +
K sym x )
18
162
18
incompressibility K
240MeV skewness coefficient
30
K symmetry energy J
32MeV
symmetry energy slope coefficient L 50
E/A [MeV]
20
10
0
-10
-20
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
-3
nB [fm ]
MeV symmetry incompressibility K sym ,

A free Fermi gas cannot reproduce these features
-500 MeV < K sym < 100 MeV
!
EoS for NS and SN
27 / 52

2. Other nuclear
experiments
data from transversal matter flow
in heavy ion collisions is sensitive to
the EoS of symmetric matter
caveats :
F l o w c o n s t r a i n t f r om h e av y i on
collision s
10
UB
matter not really in

2
10
thermal equilibrium
LB
transport calculations are
extrapolated
reinterpreted in terms of
NL, NL
1
DBHF (Bonn A)
10
EoS
DD
3
DC
in principle only valid

KVR
KVOR
for the model employed
DD-F
0
within the transport
10
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
-3
at high densities many new
.
n PRC
[fm ]
8
(Klahn et al.
degrees of freedom
2006)
(resonances, mesons, . . . )
relation to
nuclear
mesonproduction
in the
heavy-ion
collisions, in particular subthreshold
EoS
?
kaon production soft EoS in the range 2 3n
-3
P [MeV fm ]
EoS for NS and SN
28 / 52

3. Main present constraint from astrophysical observations : neutron star masses
Observed masses in binary systems (NS-NS, NSWD, X-ray binaries) with most precise
measurements from double neutron star
systems.
All NS-NS systems give masses close to
1.4M
Recently two precise mass measurements in
NS-WD binaries
M = 1.97 0.04M (PSR J1614-2230)

(Demorest et al, Nature 2010)
M = 2.01 0.04M (PSR J0348+0432)

(Antoniadis et al, Science 2013)
(Lattimer & Prakash, 1012.3208)
2 M probably not the end of the story (e.g. indications for a 2.4 M NS in
B1957+20 (van Kerkwijk et al., ApJ 2011))
EoS for NS and SN
29 / 52

4. NS radius
determinations
Measurements of rotational frequency
AP R
f = 716 Hz (PSR J1748-2446ad)
DH
B M 16 5
FP S
(Hessels et al, Science 2006)
B G N 1H 1
f = 1122 Hz not confirmed !

(XTE J1739-285) (Kaaret et al. ApJ 2007)
G M GS
S QM 3
S QM 1
Theory : Kepler frequency f K =

1008 Hz (M / M ) 1/2 (R/ 10km) 3/2
(Haensel et al. A&A 2009)
(M. Fortin, CAMK)
A measured frequency of 1.4 kHz

would constrain R1.4 < 9.5 km !
rph >>R
M (M )
Bayesian inversion of TOV equations

with observed M G R relations (Steiner et
10 3
100
2.5
80
1.5
60
al. ApJ 2010)
Radius determinations so far model

dependent (assumptions on
atmosphere, distance, . . .) (e.g. Heinke et al.
1406.1497) and theoretical uncertainties
(rotation, . . . )
EoS for NS and SN
40
20
0.5
10
12
14
16
18
R (km)
(Steiner et al. ApJ 2010)

30 / 52

5. Direct URCA threshold
the direct URCA process
n p + e + and
p + e n + , a very
efficient cooling process, is
suppressed in the cold neutron
star due to energy and
momentum conservation. It can
reappear in the very dense core
if the proton fraction exceeds
11-14%.
in contradiction with observed
surface temperatures if
Yp > 11 14% for too
low densities
main caveat : masses of
NS with observed surface
temperature not known
W h y is d i r e c t U RC A s up p r e s s e d ?
Consider the reaction n p + e +

.
Energy conservation
E n = E p + E e + E , where
n, p, e have E i E F i T ,
thus the neutrino has E T .
equilibrium n = p + e and
charge neutrality
2 give
pF ,e = pF ,p pF ,n / (2m n )
pF , n
Momentum conservation
< p~
p
pFp ,p
F ,n
p~
+ +p~e + p~ with |
n =
p~
|
T
.
pF ,e
can then no longer be fulfilled,
EoS for NS and SN
since
31 / 52

6. Baryon mass versus gravitational mass
low mass NS stars in binary NS systems could be formed in an
electron capture SN of a O-Ne-Mg core with very little mass loss
two candidate systems
M = 1.249 0.001M (PSR J0737-3039/B)
M = 1.230 0.007M (PSR J1756-2251 companion)
(Kramer et al, astro-ph/0503386)
(Ferdman et al, MNRAS 2014)
constraints on the baryon mass of the low-mass object by evolution

arguments (Podsiadlowski et al. MNRAS 2005), assuming no mass loss and a
numerical simulation (Kitaura et al. A& A 2006)
caveats
M B
ve rsus M G -r an g e f o r
d iffe ren t EoS
1.27
1.26
M [Msol]
mass loss assumption

(simulation gives little mass
loss)
uncertainties on
evolutionary scenario
does the contraint obtained

from the simulation only
reflect the properties of the
(two) EoS employed ?
Micaela
Oertel (LUTH)
multi-D
effects, magneticEoS for NS and SN
1.25
NL
NL
DBHF (Bonn A)
DD
3
DC
KVR
KVOR
DD-F
1.24
1.23
1.32
1.34
1.38
1.36
MN [Msol]
(Klahn et al. PRC 2006)

32 / 52
M o d e l s f o r b u l k ma t t e r
Ab-initio calculations up to A 12 (not adequate for the description

of nuclear matter !)
for nuclear matter there are two types of models
phenomenological models with effective interactions
liquid drop
mean field
ab initio microscopic calculations starting from the basic NN

interaction
Brueckner-Hartree-Fock (BHF)
Self-consistent Greens function
Variational techniques
Vlow k
...
EoS for NS and SN
33 / 52
T h e n o n - r e l a t i v i s t i c S k y r m e me a n
f i eStarting
l d mo
del
point is a functional for the energy density (n n , np )
Zero range interaction
Spin-orbit interaction added by hand (very important for magic numbers
of nuclei, but absent for bulk matter)
The interaction part in general contains the
following terms
a central term 2Bn , n(n p 2
na )density dependent
n (n2 , (n n 2)
term
n
p
B
B
)an effective mass term n , n ( is
B
i i
the kinetic energy density, same
form as Fermi gas)
a spin-orbit term, a gradient term

and a tensor term, which do not
contribute to nuclear matter
calculations
30
SLy4, Y p = 0.1
SLy4, Y p = 0.3
E/A [MeV]
20
SLy4, Y p = 0.5
10
0
-10
-20
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
-3
n B [fm ]
How
pressure
?
How to
to proceed
proceed to
to obtain
get thethe
EoS
for neutron
star
matter ?
EoS for NS and SN
34 / 52
A Skyrm e E o S
1. Pressure
Thermodynamic relations
ni
= i and
P = +
i n i
i
Add leptons,
i.e. electrons and possibly muons (as free Fermi
2. Neutron
star EoS
gas)
Charge neutrality n q = 0
-equilibrium n = p + e (and muons ?)
EoS for NS and SN
35 / 52
A Skyrme E o S
The proton fraction in neutron star matter for different
parametrisations
0.3
SLy4 +
SLy4
Sk0p
Gs
SV
Yp
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
nB [ fm-3]
EoS for NS and SN
36 / 52
A Skyrme E o S
500
SLy4 +
SLy4
Sk0p
Gs
SV
P [MeV/fm3]
400
300
200
100
0
200
600
400
800 1000
[MeV/fm3]1200
EoS for NS and SN
37 / 52
T h e r e l a t i v i s t i c me a n f i e l d ( R M F )
N e u t ron
mat t e r
L R M F = (i M g
+ ...)
1
2 2
+ m

1
2
+ ...
2
In the original version (Walecka model) only ,
In order to reproduce data, many refinements :

isovector channel (, ), nonlinear interaction, density dependent couplings, . . .
EoS for NS and SN
NL3
DD
3
D C
80
60
40
20
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
-3
density [fm ]
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.5
symmetric n u c l e a r
m at t e r
80
binding energy per nucleon E/A [MeV]
Relativistic (special relativity) treatment of the

nucleons
Interaction described via effective ( !)
meson exchange :
binding energy per nucleon E/A [MeV]
100
NL3
DD
3
D C
60
40
20
-20
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
-3
density [fm ]
S. Typel, nucl-th/05010156
38 / 52
( D i r a c ) - B r u e c k n e r - H a rt r e e - F o c k
calculations
Starting point is the bare N N -interaction
V
Construction of the Brueckner G-matrix :
X
Vi j ,ab
The Pauli operator Q prevents thea,b

baryons
(they are fermions !) to be scattered to
states below their respective Fermi
momenta
The single-particle energies are
determined self-consistently
~k 2 + X hi j |G()
i j ,ij |
ei (~k) = M i
i
j
i
2M
i
+
j to
Three-body forces necessary
reproduce empirical behaviour of
E / A(nB ).
EoS for NS and SN
Qab
ea G() ab,kl
eb
80
60
E/A (MeV)
G() i j ,kl = Vi j ,kl +
40
20
-20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
density (fm-3 )
M. Baldo, G.F. Burgio, arXiv :1102.1364
39 / 52

7. Ab-initio calculations of neutron (and symmetric) matter
any of the many-body techniques mentioned before, i.e. (D)BHF,
SCGF, . . .
Monte-Carlo techniques
Vlow k is a renormalisation group

improved interaction potential
idea : start at an interaction scale
and evolve it to lower energies
the effective interactions at a lower
scale then contain the higher energy
dynamics (e.g. three-body forces are
generated)
NN+ 3N
Gandolfi et
al.
P [MeV fm3 ]
recently also Vlow k from chiral EFT forces

+ Hartree-Fock
P r e s s u r e f o r ( l o w -d e n s i t y )
e utter ro n V
mn at
low k + H F v s
4
MC
0
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
n [fm 3]
(Hebeler et al. ApJ 2013)
remarks
all these methods have problems (of different nature, e.g. finite
size effects in Monte-Carlo)
truncation of the initial interaction to N -body-forces
the results, in particular for symmetric matter, do not all agree
EoS for NS and SN
40 / 52
E n e rg y p e r b a ry o n f o r s y m m e t r i c m at t e r , d i f f e r e n t
a p p ro a c h e s
E/A [MeV]
-10
-5
V4
-20
-10
V6
-30
-15
-40
-20
-50
-25
-60
-30
0
V8
E/A [MeV]
-5
V 18
-10
-10
-15
-15
BHF
SCGF
FHNC
AFDMC
BBG
-20
~
V 6 (BHF)
-25
-30
-5
0
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.1
-3
0.2
-20
-25
0.3
0.4
-30
0.5
-3
[fm ]
[fm ]
(Baldo et al. PRC 2012)
EoS for NS and SN
41 / 52
E n e rg y p e r b a ry o n f o r n e u t r o n m at t e r , d i f f e r e n t
a p p ro a c h e s
E/A [MeV]
60
60
V4
40
40
V6
20
20
60
60
BHF
SCGF
FHNC
AFDMC
BBG
GFMC
E/A [MeV]
V8
40
V18
40
20
20
0
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.3
-3
[fm ]
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.2 0.3
-3
[fm ]
0.4
(Baldo et al. PRC 2012)
EoS for NS and SN
42 / 52

EoS Neutron Star

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

EoS Neutron Star

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

T h e h ig h d e n s i t y e q u at i o n o f

Laboratoire Univers et Theories (LUTH)

NewComsptar School, Barcelona, September,2226,2014

Micaela Oertel (LUTH)

EoS for NS and SN

Barcelona, September 22-26, 2014

Micaela Oertel (LUTH)

EoS for NS and SN

Barcelona, September 22-26, 2014

Micaela Oertel (LUTH)

EoS for NS and SN

Barcelona, September 22-26, 2014

Micaela Oertel (LUTH)

EoS for NS and SN

Barcelona, September 22-26, 2014

EoS for NS and SN

Barcelona, September 22-26, 2014

Almost 2000 neutron stars

Some (the magnificant seven) have been

Micaela Oertel (LUTH)

EoS for NS and SN

Barcelona, September 22-26, 2014

Observational argument : Neutron stars are formed

Micaela Oertel (LUTH)

EoS for NS and SN

Barcelona, September 22-26, 2014

write the equilibrium conditions following from conservation of energy

Micaela Oertel (LUTH)

EoS for NS and SN

Barcelona, September 22-26, 2014

write the equilibrium conditions following from conservation of energy

Micaela Oertel (LUTH)

EoS for NS and SN

Barcelona, September 22-26, 2014

write the equilibrium conditions following from conservation of energy

EoS for NS and SN

Barcelona, September 22-26, 2014

Matter composition changes dramatically through the core

Micaela Oertel (LUTH)

Neu t rin o Coo l in g an d Neu t rin o

For n B > n0/ 2 : nuclei

(Janka et al. 07)

EoS for NS and SN

Barcelona, September 22-26, 2014

T= 9.01 GK, = 6.80e+09 g/cm3, Y =.0.433

Log (Mass Fraction)

T= 17.84 GK, = 3.39e+11 g/cm3, Y =.0.379

For n B > n0/ 2 : nuclei

Log (Mass Fraction)

(Janka et al. 07)

n0 and at T > 10 MeV

EoS for NS and SN

Barcelona, September 22-26, 2014

For n B > n0/ 2 : nuclei

n0 and at T > 10 MeV

EoS for NS and SN

Barcelona, September 22-26, 2014

How to construct an equation of

Micaela Oertel (LUTH)

EoS for NS and SN

Barcelona, September 22-26, 2014

the grand canonical potential density (T, i ) = Ts i ni

There is a chemical potential associated with each conserved quantity (charge,