Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Compression Overview
Subjects
Analog
Composite
625i
525i
B-Y
R-Y
Matrix
G
B
R
Composite
Encoder
Parallel
A to D
Conv
A to D
Conv
A to D
Conv
A to D
Conv
Ancillary Data
(Audio)
CRC
Calculator
Data
3Gb/sec
Encoder
Video
Video
Clock
Divide
by 10
Clock
270MHz
1.485GHz
NRZ
Single Program
Transport Streams
PSI MPEG
PSIP ATSC
SI DVB
PCR
PTS
DTS
Video
Shift
Register
Serializer
Coprocessor
Audio
Dual Link
SMPTE372M
Multiplexer
Multiplexed 27MB/sec
Multiplexed 0.1485GB/sec
TDMA CB/Y/CR/Y/CB/Y
10 Bits Parallel
13.5MHz
74.25MHz
Sample
Rate for Y
DVD
Digital Versatile
(Video) Disk
Transmission
Channel
Multiplexer
PB
Output video
files to many
applications
Clock X10
PR
Input video
files from
many sources
Serializer
Color Difference
Component
4Fsc
Analog Video (PAL=17.7MHz)
(Y, B-Y, R-Y) (NTSC=14.3MHz)
Component
Analog Video
(GBR)
6.75MHz
37.125MHz
Sample
Rate for CB
and CR
Tx
VQoS
(Video Quality of Service)
Scrambler NRZI
Encoder
Compressed Video/Audio
Picture
Quality
Monitoring
Generation, Analysis
and Monitoring
Decoder
Single
Program
Transport
Streams
Transmission
Channel
Analysis
MultiProgram
Transport
Stream
De-Multiplexer
HDTV
1080p
1080i
(1125)
720p
(750)
Transmission
Channel
Rx
Data
Audio
1. Telco
a. SDH
b. ATM
c. SONET
2. Satellite
a. DVB-S
QPSK,
8PSK
3. Cable
a. DVB-C
16, 32,
64 QAM
4. Terrestrial
a. DVB-T
COFDM
b. ATSC
8VSB
5. Internet
a. Streaming
Video
b. VoIP
c. GigE
d. IPTV
Non-compressed
Bitmap Image = 2,300,000 Bytes
Compressed
JPEG Image = 159,000 Bytes
COFDM using 8MHz per channel, data rate varies based on many factors
270Mb/s
480 Viewable
Lines for 525
(576 lines
for 625)
720 Pixels per Line
Compression
fx
270Mbits/s
270Mbits/s
2-8 Mbits/s
Decompression
fx
2-8 Mbits/s
480 Viewable
Lines for 525
(576 lines
for 625)
720 Pixels per Line
Compression Concepts
Lossey Compression
Lossless Compression
Applications
Storage Media
DVD Digital Versatile Disk
Video servers
Intra-studio
Point-to-point (SDTI being developed by SMPTE)
Networking (user requirements being specified by
EBU/SMPTE)
Internet
Streaming Video
Video Conferencing
Education
Entertainment
Medical Diagnostics
Subjects
Program
Compression
VBR
Single Program
Transport Streams
Rate
Control
Transmission
Program
Demux
Energy
Dispersal
FEC
V
B
R
C
B
R
Multi-Program
Statistical
Multiplexing
Modulate
Program
Decompression
C
B
R
Program
Display or
Reuse
Program
Compression
VBR
Single Program
Transport Streams
Rate
Control
Transmission
Program
Demux
Energy
Dispersal
FEC
V
B
R
C
B
R
Multi-Program
Statistical
Multiplexing
Modulate
Program
Decompression
C
B
R
Program
Display or
Reuse
Cable
Headend
Telco
Content Provider
Network Affiliate
1.485 Gb/s
270 Mb/s
167 Mb/s
4 kb/s - 2 Mb/s
MPEG-1
18 - 50 Mb/s
2 - 8 Mb/s
19 - 38 Mb/s
DVC-Pro SDTV
25 - 50 Mb/s
Digital Betacam
~90 Mb/s
Subjects
Part 1 Systems
Part 2 Video
Part 3 Audio
Part 4 Conformance Testing (for 1, 2 and 3)
Part 5 Software Simulation
Part 6 System Extensions - DSM-CC
(Digital Storage Media - Command and Control)
Part 7 Audio Extension - NBC (Non-Backward Compatible)
Part 9 System Extension - RTI (Real-Time Interface)
Part 10 Conformance Extension - DSM-CC
Compression
fx
Complex
Not Defined
480 Viewable
Lines for 525
(576 lines
for 625)
720 Pixels per Line
Decompression
fx
Simple
Highly Defined
2-8 Mbits/s
2-8 Mbits/s
Subjects
Steps to Processing
Preprocessing
Clean-up pictures and prepare video samples
Temporal Compression (IntER-frame)
Compresses the data from multiple frames
Spatial Compression (IntRA-frame)
Compresses the data within one frame
(Similar to JPEG)
Rate Control
Constant bitrate
Constant (or nearly so) quality
Preprocessing
Required
Decode from composite to component
Produce correct picture size
Reduce 10-bit samples to 8-bit samples
Convert 4:2:2 to 4:2:0 sampling (entertainment quality)
Optional
Noise reduction
Other picture clean up
Film Scratches
Shifting Film (worn sprocket holes)
Film Grain
Pixel
Y
Sample
Cb
Cr
Sample Sample
Vertical Blanking
Active Video
line n
line n + 263
HDTV More
Depending on Standard
line n + 1
line n + 264
4:4:4 Sampling
Odd Field
Interlaced Frame
Even Field
8
8
Odd Field
Step Convert
4:2:2 to 4:2:0
To see conversion,
split Y/Cr/Cb into
separate fields
Odd Field
4:2:0
Odd Field
4:2:0
New average
Cr value
Odd Field
4:2:0
New average
Cb value
Odd Field
4:2:0
Odd Field
4:2:0
Odd Field
Step Convert
4:2:2 to 4:2:0
When overlay
samples, see
relationship of
4:2:0 Y/Cr/Cb
data
Odd Field
Step Convert
4:2:2 to 4:2:0
When overlay
samples, see
relationship of
4:2:0 Y/Cr/Cb
data
Odd Field
Cr
Y
Y
Cb
Cr
Y
Y
Cb
Cr
Y
Y
Cb
Cr
Y
Y
Cb
Cr
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Cb
4:2:0
4:2:2
4:4:4
Compression
Redundancies
Spatial Redundancies
Redundant information in the horizontal and vertical picture
dimensions. Data that is similar or repeats itself in picture
areas which are close to one another.
Temporal Redundancies
Redundant data over a given time. Data that is similar or
repeats itself from moment to moment, even if its location
in the picture area changes.
Spatial Redundancies
Similar areas in the same frame such as the sky and the street.
8
8
8
8
Cb Chroma Encoder
480 Lines
Cr Chroma Encoder
Y - Luma Encoder
Picture
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
Sample Values
64 identical
pixel values
would be sent
without
compression
applied. Can 64
samples be
reduced to fewer?
MPEG2 Spatial
Compression
MPEG2 Spatial
Compression
In this case, it is
the first block
and none of the
others.
64 Pixel Values
(512 bits)
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
Now just
2 DCT coefficients.
64 Pixel Values
(16 bits)
(512 bits)
125
105
85
75
55
35
15
125
105
85
75
55
35
15
125
105
85
75
55
35
15
125
105
85
75
55
35
15
125
105
85
75
55
35
125
105
85
75
55
125
105
85
75
125
105
85
75
62.5 100
15
35
15
55
35
15
55
35
15
1st DCT value equal to the average luminance level of the 8X8
pixel group.
2nd pattern value -100 because pixels almost exact inverse of
2nd pattern.
Other pattern values
set to 0.
Now just
2 DCT coefficients.
64 Pixel Values
(16 bits)
(512 bits)
15
35
55
75
85
105
125
15
35
55
75
85
105
125
15
35
55
75
85
105
125
15
35
55
75
85
105
15
35
55
75
85
15
35
55
75
15
35
55
15
35
55
62.5 -100
125
105
125
85
105
125
75
85
105
125
75
85
105
125
64 Pixel Values
Now just
1 DCT coefficient.
(8bits)
(512 bits)
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
25
Zigzag or Classic
(for frames)
25, EOB
Quantizer
512 bits
DCT
Decoder
83
DCT
Encoder
512
bits
8
512 bits
512 bits
Encoder Quant Matrix Values
Value used corresponds
to the coefficient location
25, EOB
(16 bits)
8
512 bits
Divide by
Quant
Matrix
Quantizer-1
25, EOB
(16 bits)
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
MPEG2 Spatial
Compression
Time
Domain
1kHz
Sinewave
Freq.
Domain
0Hz
1kHz
2kHz
3kHz
4kHz
5kHz
6kHz
7kHz
Time
Domain
1St Resultant
Sinewave
3kHz
Sinewave
Freq.
Domain
1kHz
Sinewave
0Hz
1kHz
2kHz
3kHz
4kHz
5kHz
6kHz
7kHz
Time
Domain
2nd Resultant
Sinewave
1St Resultant
Sinewave
5kHz
Sinewave
Freq.
Domain
0Hz
1kHz
2kHz
3kHz
4kHz
5kHz
6kHz
7kHz
Freq.
Domain
0Hz
Hz
Freq.
Domain
0Hz
Hz
MPEG2 Spatial
Compression
Low frequency
portion of the
DCT coefficient
matrices.
High frequency
portion of the
DCT coefficient
matrices.
86
-4
-3
54
19
-25
60
33
-20
20
42
-15
-30
-4
-1
-5
Low to
high
frequency
flow of
DCT
matrix
values
123 -20
19
22
-12
-12
10
-5
12
12
-5
7842
199
448
362
342
112
31
22
198
151
181
264
59
37
14
142
291
218
87
27
88
27
12
111
133
159
119
58
65
36
49
85
217
50
14
12
58
120
60
40
41
11
30
121
61
22
30
22
28
33
24
51
44
81
Divide by
Quant
Matrix
980
12
23
16
13
12
11
13
To Decoder
Eventually
16
19
22
26
27
29
34
16
16
22
24
27
29
34
37
19
22
26
27
29
34
34
38
22
22
26
27
29
34
37
40
22
26
27
29
32
35
40
48
26
27
29
32
35
40
48
58
26
27
29
34
38
48
56
69
27
29
35
38
46
56
69
83
7840
192
437
352
338
108
29
192
144
176
264
54
29
133
286
208
81
68
38
110
132
156
108
58
34
44
78
216
29
52
108
58
32
35
26
108
58
34
35
Multiply
by
Quant
Matrix
980
12
23
16
13
12
11
13
Eventually
From
Encoder
16
19
22
26
27
29
34
16
16
22
24
27
29
34
37
19
22
26
27
29
34
34
38
22
22
26
27
29
34
37
40
22
26
27
29
32
35
40
48
26
27
29
32
35
40
48
58
26
27
29
34
38
48
56
69
27
29
35
38
46
56
69
83
Subtract/
Pass
Predicted
Present
Frame
RLC
DCT
No Loss,
No Data
Reduction
Data
Reduced,
Information
Lost
VLC
MUX
Q-1
-1
DCT
Quantizing - Lossey Compression
Reduce
Motionthe number of bits for each
coefficient.
Compensation
Give preference to certain SUM
Motion
coefficients. Fixed Store
Vectors
Reduction can differ for each
coefficient.
Motion Vectors
Motion
Estimation
Buffer
Run
Length
83
Entropy Encoding
Run Length
Variable Length
To
the
Decoder
Run length coding - special code for repeating values (e.g., 13 2s, 5 1s, 4
6s and so on)
Lossless Compression
Run
Length
83
Variable
Length
Entropy Encoding
Run Length
Variable Length
Symbol
A
B
C
D
E
F
Probability
0.5
0.25
0.125
0.0625
0.03125
0.01125
To
the
Decoder
Code Word
0
10
110
1110
11110
11111
Variable Length coding using shorter code words for more probable symbols (like Morse
code).
Lossless Compression
Subtract/
Pass
Video in
DCT
RLC
Predicted
Present
Frame
Motion
Vectors
Motion
Estimation
MUX
Q-1
DCT
Motion
Compensation
VLC
Buffer
-1
SUM
Fixed Store
Motion Vectors
Group of Pictures Control
25
0
0
Divide by
Quant
Matrix
Value
Divide by
Quant
Scale
Value
To
Decoder
Code
Linear
Non-Linear
Quant Scale Quant Scale
16
19
22
26
27
29
34
16
16
22
24
27
29
34
37
19
22
26
27
29
34
34
38
16
22
22
26
27
29
34
37
40
16
32
24
22
26
27
29
32
35
40
48
20
40
40
26
27
29
32
35
40
48
58
24
48
56
26
27
29
34
38
48
56
69
28
56
88
27
29
35
38
46
56
69
83
31
62
112
Compression
Blockiness
Distortion
Compression
Blurring Distortion
Redundancies
Spatial Redundancies
Redundant information in the horizontal and vertical picture
dimensions. Data that is similar or repeats itself in picture
areas which are close to one another.
Temporal Redundancies
Redundant data over a given time. Data that is similar or
repeats itself from moment to moment, even if its location
in the picture area changes.
Temporal Redundancies
Frame to Frame
redundancies
New location same data
New data uncovered
I Frame
P Frame
Motion Vectors
MPEG Building Blocks
Pixel
Individual picture
elements that
define the lowest
level addressable
point in a picture.
Block
8x8 group of
pixels
Macro Block
16x16 group of
pixels
One use is to
calculate motion
vectors
Macroblocks
Picture is broken into
macroblocks for the next
step which is motion
vectors.
Motion
Vector
Search
Range
Frame N
Frame N + 1
Macroblocks
This figure shows the
motion vectors for the
macroblocks that move on
the static background
Blocks
Pixel
Block
Macro Block
Slice
Sequence of
macroblocks
Provides a way to
resynchronize the
decoder to the video
in if the decoder
looses sync for some
reason
Subtract/
Pass
Video in
DCT
RLC
Predicted
Present
Frame
Motion
Vectors
Motion
Estimation
MUX
Q-1
DCT
Motion
Compensation
VLC
Buffer
-1
SUM
Fixed Store
Motion Vectors
Group of Pictures Control
Subtract/
Pass
Video in
DCT
RLC
Predicted
Present
Frame
Motion
Vectors
Motion
Estimation
MUX
Q-1
DCT
Motion
Compensation
VLC
Buffer
-1
SUM
Fixed Store
Motion Vectors
Group of Pictures Control
I Frame
P Frame
Forward
Motion
Vector
I Frame
Reverse
Motion
Vector
B Frame
B Frame
P Frame
1- I
2-B
3-B
4-P
Encoder
1- I
4-P
2-B
3-B
Rec 601
Video Frames
B B
B B
1 2
B B
Elementary
Stream
Forward Prediction
B Frame
P Frame
ES Analyzer Display
Click on Show Frame Size icon next to Zoom icon
Pixel
Block
Macro Block
Slice
Access Unit AU
I Frame data is called an Access Unit
P Frame data is called an Access Unit
B Frame data is called an Access Unit
Quality
Better chroma resolution than MP@ML
Higher quality (bit rate) than MP@ML
Good multi-generation performance
Flexibility
Short GOPs for ease of editing
Capability to pass all active video, some vertical info
Economy
Storage costs
Transmission costs
Compatibility
Bit Rate
Higher
Quality
30 Mb/s
Lower
Quality
20 Mb/s
I
IB
GOP Structure
IBBP
Subjects
Pre-Masking
Post-Masking
Simultaneous Masking
Threshold in Quiet
Simultaneous Masking
Threshold in Quite Masking
1 kHz sinewave
Threshold in
quiet
Masking
threshold
20 Hz
1 kHz
20 kHz
Time Occurrence
of Masking Sound
sound
pressure
-60
PreMasking
PostMasking
Masked sound
occurs before
masking sound
Masked sound
occurs after
masking sound
-40
-20
20
40
60
80
Quantizer
and
Coding
Filter Bank
32
Sub-bands
Boost frequency
components
based on
amplitude and
assigns scale
factors
Masking
Thresholds
Frame
Packing
Audio
ES
Coder
Psychoacoustics
Model
Encoder
Concepts
PCM Sample
3
PCM Sample
4
PCM Sample 1
a
b-b
Su
32
s
nd
Representatio
n of 32 audio
sub-band
frequency
components
per time
sample
PCM Sample
2
PCM Sample
5
PCM Sample
3
PCM Sample
4
PCM Sample 1
PCM Sample
5
- Amount left
a
b-b
Su
32
s
nd
over after
masks
- What
person
cannot hear
is not coded
PCM Sample
2
PCM Sample
3
PCM Sample
4
PCM Sample 1
PCM Sample
5
a
b-b
Su
32
s
nd
PCM Sample
2
PCM Sample
3
PCM Sample
4
PCM Sample 1
PCM Sample
5
- Amount left
a
b-b
Su
32
over after
masking
s
nd
- What
person
cannot hear
is not coded
Sub-band components
left after the Threshold
in Quite mask is applied
Scale Factor
Value applied to each
sub-band component
10 20 30 20 divided
by10 gives
1 2 3 2
Scale factor of 10 and smaller values
are sent
Bit Allocation
# of bits to represent sub-band component
Allocate only the number of bits necessary to encode
small sub-band values
Values above (1,2,3,2) can be represented by two bits rather
than 5 bits that would have been needed for 30 before scale
factor applied
Encoder
Audio Encoding
Layer 2
Bit Rate
Sampling Freq
Others
Audio Playback
Pixel
Block
Macro Block
Slice
Access Unit AU
Subjects
At the Decoder
DTS/PTS
Generator
Video
Data
Video
Encoder
Packetizer
Audio
Data
Audio
Encoder
Audio
Packetizer
PES
Elementary
Stream
Video
PES
Data
Program
Stream
MUX
Transport
Stream
MUX
Program
Stream (DVD)
Single
Program
Transport
Stream
stream id
PES packet
length
16
24
PES
10 scrambling
control
2
PES
priority
1
PES
header
n1
data alignment
copyright
indicator
1
stuffing bytes
n2
original
or copy
7 flags
PES header
data length
optional
fields
stream id
PES packet
length
16
24
PES
10 scrambling
control
2
PES
priority
1
PES
header
n1
data alignment
copyright
indicator
1
stuffing bytes
original
or copy
7 flags
PES header
data length
PTS
DTS
ESCR
ES Rate
DSM
trick mode
40
48
24
n2
additional
PES
PES CRC
copy info
extension
8
16
5 flags
PES
pack header
private data
field
128
8+n3
program
packet seq.
counter
16
optional
fields
P-STD buffer
16
PES
extension
field
8+n4
optional
fields
Data
When open PES data with PES Analyzer, get detailed report of
PES level issues
Data
Shows Video PES payload information in Hex
Data in pink
is header
information,
rest is payload
Data
View PES header data in human friendly format
Data
Shows DTS, PTS and other data for each AU
Can step from
each PES packet
type to the
next to see
changes
Stream
Formation
Stream
Formation
Another
view of
the many
PES,
identified
with
different
PIDS, that
can make
up one
Transport
Stream
188 Bytes
Header
Packet
Payload
Packet
Packet
Packet
Packet
Packet
Packet
Packet
Audio 1
Program 2
Video 2
Program 1
Video 1
PES
PES
Header
188 Bytes
Payload
Transport
Start
Transport
Byte
Error
Indicator
Priority
PID
Scrambling
Adaptation
Continuity
Control
Field
Counter
Indicator
8
Field
Control
1
13
Adaptation
Payload
188 Bytes
Payload
Transport
Start
Transport
Byte
Error
Indicator
Priority
PID
Scrambling
Adaptation
Continuity
Control
Field
Counter
Indicator
8
13
Adaptation
Discontinuity
Random
Elem Stream
Field
Indicator
Access
Priority
Indicator
Indicator
Length
8
Payload
Field
Control
1
Adaptation
5 Flags
Optional
Stuffing
Fields
Bytes
188 Bytes
Payload
Transport
Start
Transport
Byte
Error
Indicator
Priority
PID
Scrambling
Adaptation
Continuity
Control
Field
Counter
Indicator
8
13
Discontinuity
Random
Elem Stream
Field
Indicator
Access
Priority
Indicator
Indicator
Length
1
PCR
48
OPCR
48
Payload
Field
Control
Adaptation
Adaptation
5 Flags
Optional
Stuffing
Fields
Bytes
5
Splice
Transport
Adaptation
Countdown
Private
Field
Data
Extension
Header Optional
What is the PCR?
PCR in the Optional
Fields portion of the
Adaptation Field
Program Clock
Reference (PCR)
What is the PCR?
Encoder STC
(System Time Clock)
sets timing for
video, audio and data.
STC does not track hours,
minutes and seconds.
Sample of 42 bit STC
sent to decoder as PCR.
PCR sets the decoder STC
to match the encoder.
Reference (PCR)
Video In
27 MHz Clock
42 Bit Counter
26.51 Hour Overflow
STC
Elementary Stream
Video
Encoder
PCR = X plus
the time of
n bits
PCR = X
n bits
Transport
Stream
Formation
____
Transport
Stream
Decoder
Used when switching
from one program to
another because of
possibly different PCR
counts.
PCR
Load
Compare
STC
27 MHz Clock
42 Bit Counter
26.51 Hour Overflow
Low
Pass
Filter
27 MHz
Xtal
VCO
I, P, B, B
I, B, B, P
Time 1
Time 2
Time 3
Time 4
Multiplexer
Multiplexes two or more single programs into a multiple
program transport stream and inserts the PCR at the correct
packet
Re-Multiplexer
De-multiplexes transport streams and re-multiplexes them
into a new program transport stream including new PCR
values
Needs correct input PCRs to create correct output PCRs
If wrong PCR values put in,
then have errors.
Time 5
Time 6
PCR_AC Accuracy
Reference
(PCR): Arrival
Interval
PCR sent in
Transport
Stream every
40-100 ms.
This is known as
PCR Arrival
Interval
MTM400
diagram
Definition
The accuracy of the PCR values PCR_AC is defined as the
difference between the actual PCR value and the value it
should have in the TS represented by the byte index for its
actual position. This can be calculated for constant bitrate
TS, the measurement may NOT produce meaningful results
in variable bitrate TS.
Purpose
The measurement indicates the total error included in the
PCR value with respect to its position in the TS. The
tolerance as specified by ISO/IEC 13818-1 is +/- 500 ns.
Limitations
Good for measuring accuracy at input to network but not at
end of network because by definition does not include
transmission path delay variations
Program Clock
Reference
(PCR):
Accuracy
PCR Accuracy
(PCR_AC)
= +/- 500nS
Definition
PCR_FO is the difference between the program clock
frequency and a nominal clock frequency as measured
against a reference which is neither PCR or TS derived
Units for the parameter PCR_FO should be in Hz according
to:
Measured Frequency Nominal Frequency*
Limits are 27MHz, +/- 810Hz
Purpose
The original frequency of the clock used in the digital
video format (STC) is transmitted to the decoder in form of
numerical values in the PCR fields
*Nominal Frequency based on extremely accurate MPEG analyzer clock.
Program Clock
Reference (PCR):
Frequency Offset
Think of as DC
Frequency
Coupling
For this stream,
frequency offset
is minus ~900Hz
STB STC is
~26,999,100Hz
so this stream is
out of tolerance
PCR_AC Accuracy
Definition
Purpose
Program Clock
Reference
(PCR):
Frequency Drift
This diagram is
the PCR_FO
Want to know
about small
variations in
26,999,100Hz
signal
Program Clock
Reference
(PCR):
Frequency Drift
Drifting Clock
(low and
high freq
components)
1st Derivative
of Low Freq
component is
PCR_DR
Program Clock
Reference
(PCR):
Frequency Drift
Indicates the
PCR rate of
change
Encoder
Network
Set Top
Box
Definition
PCR_OJ is the measurement of the difference between
when a PCR should have arrived at a measurement
point (based upon previous PCR values, its current
value and a reference which is not PCR or TS derived)
and when it actually arrived.
Purpose
The PCR_OJ measurement is designed to account for
all cumulative errors affecting the PCR values during
program stream generation, multiplexing,
transmission, etc. All these effects appear as jitter at
the receiver but they are a combination of PCR
inaccuracies and jitter in the transmission.
Good for characterizing transmission path delay
variations
Program Clock
Reference
(PCR): Overall
Jitter
MTM400
Measurement
MPEG
Program 1
Multiple
Program
Transport
Stream
P1 - PCR 1
MPEG
Program 2
P2 - PCR 1
P1 - PCR 2
P2 - PCR 2
P1 - PCR 3
P2 - PCR 3
Video
encoder
Elementary
Streams
Video
decoder
Transport Stream
System
encoder
System
decoder
PES
Syntax
PES
Syntax
Audio
encoder
Not Standardized
Elementary
Streams
Audio
decoder
MPEG-2 Standards
Subjects
ATSC (Advanced
Television System
Committee)
United States
DMB-T/H
ISDB (Integrated
Services Digital
Broadcasting)
South Korea
T-DMB
DMB-T
ISDB
MPEG2
DVB
ATSC
As viewed on the
Transport Stream
Compliance Analyzer
Subjects
Analog
Composite
625i
525i
B-Y
R-Y
Matrix
G
B
R
Composite
Encoder
Parallel
A to D
Conv
A to D
Conv
A to D
Conv
A to D
Conv
Ancillary Data
(Audio)
CRC
Calculator
Data
3Gb/sec
Encoder
Video
Video
Clock
Divide
by 10
Clock
270MHz
1.485GHz
NRZ
Single Program
Transport Streams
PSI MPEG
PSIP ATSC
SI DVB
PCR
PTS
DTS
Video
Shift
Register
Serializer
Coprocessor
Audio
Dual Link
SMPTE372M
Multiplexer
Multiplexed 27MB/sec
Multiplexed 0.1485GB/sec
TDMA CB/Y/CR/Y/CB/Y
10 Bits Parallel
13.5MHz
74.25MHz
Sample
Rate for Y
DVD
Digital Versatile
(Video) Disk
Transmission
Channel
Multiplexer
PB
Output video
files to many
applications
Clock X10
PR
Input video
files from
many sources
Serializer
Color Difference
Component
4Fsc
Analog Video (PAL=17.7MHz)
(Y, B-Y, R-Y) (NTSC=14.3MHz)
Component
Analog Video
(GBR)
6.75MHz
37.125MHz
Sample
Rate for CB
and CR
Tx
VQoS
(Video Quality of Service)
Scrambler NRZI
Encoder
Compressed Video/Audio
Picture
Quality
Monitoring
Generation, Analysis
and Monitoring
Decoder
Single
Program
Transport
Streams
Transmission
Channel
Analysis
MultiProgram
Transport
Stream
De-Multiplexer
HDTV
1080p
1080i
(1125)
720p
(750)
Transmission
Channel
Rx
Data
Audio
1. Telco
a. SDH
b. ATM
c. SONET
2. Satellite
a. DVB-S
QPSK,
8PSK
3. Cable
a. DVB-C
16, 32,
64 QAM
4. Terrestrial
a. DVB-T
COFDM
b. ATSC
8VSB
5. Internet
a. Streaming
Video
b. VoIP
c. GigE
d. IPTV
Function
Need to transport baseband (non-RF modulated) MPEG2
transport streams between various MPEG2 devices i.e. encoder,
multiplexer, re-multiplexer, monitors, generators, analyzers
Interface Classes
Packet Asynchronous (PA)
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Interface Types
IEEE1394/a/b
Characteristics
Packet Asynchronous
Serial
Several clock rates
depending on version with
up to gigabit speeds over 100
meters of fiber
Slower data rates over shorter distances are possible with
other medium
Low cost
Hot plug and play
Uses
Mostly consumer applications
Interface Types
DVB-ASI (Asynchronous Serial Interface)
Characteristics
Packet Asynchronous
Serial
91.5 Meters (300 Feet)
270MHz Clock
Up to 214Mbps data rate
75 ohm coax or fiber cable
Is a coax connector
Uses
Very popular in most of the world (exception North America) for
use in professional infrastructure equipment
Interface Types
DVB SSI (Synchronous Serial Interface)
Characteristics
Packet Synchronous
Serial
137 Meters (450 Feet)
Variable clock rate depending on data rate 105MHz max
75 ohm coax or fiber cable
Is a coax connector
Uses
Less popular than DVB ASI for use in professional infrastructure
equipment
Interface Types
Characteristics
Packet Asynchronous
Serial
91.5 Meters (300 Feet)
Fixed clock and data rates of 19.39, 38.78Mbps
Being expanded to 80Mbps
8VSB can handle 19.39Mbps in 6MHz
75 ohm coax or fiber cable
Is a coax connector
Uses
Most dominant MPEG2 interface North America
Interface Types
DHEI (DigiCable Headend Expansion Interface)
Characteristics
Packet Asynchronous
Serial
5 Meters (16 Feet)
Fixed clock and data rates of 29 and 39Mbps
Simplex version (one way transfer of data 15 pin D connector)
Duplex version (two way transfer of data 26 pin D connector)
Uses
Transport MPEG2 between devices such as integrated receiver
transcoders in a cable headend.
Standardized by SCTE (Society of Cable Telecommunications
Engineers)
Interface Types
DVB-SPI
Characteristics
Packet Synchronous
Serial
Fixed clock and data rates of <13.5Mbps
108Mbps
25 pin D connector
Uses
Unidirectional, point to point, parallel interface in cable
headends and uplink sites
Subjects
Analog
Composite
625i
525i
B-Y
R-Y
Matrix
G
B
R
Composite
Encoder
Parallel
A to D
Conv
A to D
Conv
A to D
Conv
A to D
Conv
Ancillary Data
(Audio)
CRC
Calculator
Data
3Gb/sec
Encoder
Video
Video
Clock
Divide
by 10
Clock
270MHz
1.485GHz
NRZ
Single Program
Transport Streams
PSI MPEG
PSIP ATSC
SI DVB
PCR
PTS
DTS
Video
Shift
Register
Serializer
Coprocessor
Audio
Dual Link
SMPTE372M
Multiplexer
Multiplexed 27MB/sec
Multiplexed 0.1485GB/sec
TDMA CB/Y/CR/Y/CB/Y
10 Bits Parallel
13.5MHz
74.25MHz
Sample
Rate for Y
DVD
Digital Versatile
(Video) Disk
Transmission
Channel
Multiplexer
PB
Output video
files to many
applications
Clock X10
PR
Input video
files from
many sources
Serializer
Color Difference
Component
4Fsc
Analog Video (PAL=17.7MHz)
(Y, B-Y, R-Y) (NTSC=14.3MHz)
Component
Analog Video
(GBR)
6.75MHz
37.125MHz
Sample
Rate for CB
and CR
Tx
VQoS
(Video Quality of Service)
Scrambler NRZI
Encoder
Compressed Video/Audio
Picture
Quality
Monitoring
Generation, Analysis
and Monitoring
Decoder
Single
Program
Transport
Streams
Transmission
Channel
Analysis
MultiProgram
Transport
Stream
De-Multiplexer
HDTV
1080p
1080i
(1125)
720p
(750)
Transmission
Channel
Rx
Data
Audio
1. Telco
a. SDH
b. ATM
c. SONET
2. Satellite
a. DVB-S
QPSK,
8PSK
3. Cable
a. DVB-C
16, 32,
64 QAM
4. Terrestrial
a. DVB-T
COFDM
b. ATSC
8VSB
5. Internet
a. Streaming
Video
b. VoIP
c. GigE
d. IPTV
RF Transmission
DVB
ATSC
Review