Illumination Basic &

Scheme
Utilization of Electrical
Energ
TH
6 SEMESTER ELECTRICAL
Barjinder singh
ENGG.
Senior Lecturer Electrical

11/03/2013

Engg.
Government Polytechnic
College,
Guru Teg Bahadurgarh, Moga

Topics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Introduction
Nature of light
Terms used in illumination
Law of illumination
Electrical methods of producing light
Sources of light
Arc lamps
Filament lamps
Gaseous discharge lamps

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Topics
10.Sodium vapor lamp
11.Mercury vapor lamp
12.Fluorescent tube
13.Neon lamp
14.Halogen lamp
15.Compact fluorescent lamp
16.Candle power and its measurement
17.Lighting scheme
18.Street light
19.Flood lighting
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Introduction
As we know that almost all human activities
depends on light. Sun is a prime natural
source of light but artificial lighting plays
almost main role in our daily life. These
artificial
lights
are
produced
by
mechanical lamps and electrical lamps.
But due to poor performance the
mechanical light are totally replaced by
electrical lights. The electrical lighting
are mainly used for decorative purpose,
advertising, traffic control , medical field
and street lighting etc.
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Electrical Lighting
Electrical
lighting
has
following
advantages :
1. Cleanliness
2. Easy to control
3. Economical
4. Easy to handle
5. Steady output
6. Better reliability
7. Suitable for almost all purposes etc.
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Sensitivity of Human Eye

As we know natural light consists of seven
colors having different wavelengths. The
average human eye is most sensitive to a
wave length of 5500 0A.
The relative sensitivity of eye for a
particular wave length is the visual effect
produced by the light on the average
human eye as compared with the effect of
light having wave length 5500 0A on
human eye.
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Sensitivity of Human eye

This is also known as Relative
luminosity Factor.
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Terms used in Illumination

1. Light
2. Luminous flux
3. Lumen
4. Plane angle
5. Solid angle
6. Steradian
7. Candle power
8. Luminous intensity reduction factor
9. Glare
10.Lamp efficiency

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light
That part of radiant energy
from a hot body which
produced
the
visual
sensation on human eye is
called light.

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Luminous Flux
The total quantity of radiant
energy
per
second
responsible
for
visual
sensation from a luminous
body is called Luminous Flux.
It is represented as F of and
measured in lumens.
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Lumen
It is the unit of luminous flux.
One lumen is defined as the
luminous flux emitted per
unit solid angle from a point
source of one candle power.

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Plane Angle
The angle subtended at a point by two converging lines lying in
the same plane is called plane angle. It is measured in radians and
equal to the ratio of the length of the arc too its radius,
= arc/ radius = l/ r radians
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Solid Angle
The angle subtended by the partial surface area of a sphere at its
centre is called as solid angle. It is measured in steradians and equal
to the ratio of area of the surface to the square of radius of sphere,
= area of surface/ square of radius = A/ r2 steradians
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Steradian
the unit of solid angle. One
steradian is defined as the solid
angle that is subtended at the
centre of a sphere by its surface
having area equal to radius
square,
= surface area/ (radius)2
= r 2 / r2 = 1 steradian
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Candle Power
The light radiating capacity of a
source is called its candle power.
The number of lumens given out by
a source per unit solid angle in a
given direction is called its candle
power. It is denoted by C.P.
Total flux emitted = CP X solid angle
= 1 X 4 = 4 lumens
= 4 lumens
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Luminous Intensity
Luminous
intensity
in
any
particular direction is the luminous
flux emitted by the source per unit
solid angle in that direction.
It is denoted by I and its unit is
candela or candle power (CP) .
Luminous intensity of source in a
particular direction, I = /
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Reduction Factor
reduction factor of a source of
light is the ratio of its mean
spherical candle power to its
mean horizontal candle power.
Reduction factor = MSCP/ MHCP

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Illumination
When light falls on a surface, it
becomes visible, the phenomenon
is called as illumination.
It is defined as luminous flux falling
on a surface per unit area. It is
denoted by E and measured in
lumen per square meter or metercandle.
E = / A lux
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Lux
One meter candle or lux is defined
as the illumination produced by a
uniform souce of one CP on the
inner surface of a sphere of
radius one meter.

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Glare

In the human eye, the opening of pupil is

controlled by its iris which depends upon the
intensity of light received by the eye. If the
eye is exposed to a very bright source of
light, the pupil of the eye contracts
automatically in order to reduce the amount
of light admitted and prevent damage to the
retina. This effect is called glare.
Glare is defined as the brightness within the
field of vision of such a character so as to
cause discomfort and interference in vision.
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Lamp Efficiency

It is defined as the visible radiations

emitted by it in lumens per watt.
Usually, the light sources do not radiate
energy only in the visible spectrum.
The
radiant
energy
is
also
accompanied with infrared and ultra
violet radiations.
Sun light produces majority of radiations
in the visible spectrum. The tungsten
lamp produces small radiations so its
efficiency is very poor.
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Lamp efficiency
The efficiency of fluorescent lamp is
more than tungsten lamp.
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Reflection Factor
Whole of the light incident on a
reflecting surface is not reflected.
Some portion of it is absorbed by the
surface.
The ratio of the reflected light to the
incident light is called reflection
factor.
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Law of Illumination
The illumination on a surface depends
upon the luminous intensity, distance
between the source and surface and
the direction of rays of light. It is
governed by following laws :
1.Inverse square law
2.Lamberts cosine law
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Inverse Square Law

It states that the illumination of a surface is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance
of the surface from the source.
E 1/d2
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Lamberts Cosine
Law
This law states that the illumination on any surface is
proportional to the cosine of angle between the direction of the
incident flux and perpendicular to the area. E = 1/d 2 cos
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Electrical method of
producing Light
Following are the methods of producing
light :
1.By developing arc between two
electrodes
2.By passing a current through a filament
3.By electric discharge through vapors or
gases
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Arc Lamp
The principle of an arc lamp is that when
two electrodes carrying current are
separated through a small distance, an
arc is struck between them. The arc
lamps were used in the past for street
lighting purposes but now a day these
are used when extreme brightness is
required.
Most commonly use arc lamp is
Carbon Arc Lamp
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Carbon Arc Lamp

This is the oldest type of lamp and is still
being employed in cinema projectors and
search lights. It consists of two hard
carbon rods (Electrodes). The diameter of
+ve electrode is double to that of ve
electrode. The ve electrode is generally
fixed and +ve electrode is placed in
adjustable holder and the process is
manually or automatic. The arc consists of
carbon vapors surrounded by orange red
zone of burning carbon and pale green
flames.
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Carbon Arc Lamp

When the lamp is OFF, the two electrodes are
touching each other due to spring pressure
on +ve electrode. When the supply is ON a
large current is flow through electrodes. The
temperature of carbon electrode is increased
and thus the +ve electrode is pulled away
against its spring pressure through a small
distance by coil and thus an arc is struck
between electrodes. This arc is maintained
by transfer of carbon particles from one
electrode to other electrode.
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Carbon Arc Lamp

These particles travel from +ve electrode to
ve electrode, thus after sometime of
operation +ve electrode become hollow and
ve become pointed. Thats why +ve
electrode is made double than ve electrode.
In carbon arc lamp 85 % of light is given by
+ve electrode which produces high intensity
light and only 10 % by ve electrode and 5 %
by air. The temperature of +ve electrode is
4000 oC and that of ve electrode is about
2500 oC. The luminous efficiency of such
lamps is about 9 lumen/watt.
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ARC Lamps
For maintaining the arc, a minimum voltage
required is given by :
V = (39 + 28 L ),
where
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Filament or Incandescent
Lamp
Working Principle :
As we know when a room heater is
switched On , it gives out red light
with heat at the working temperature
of 750 oC and at this temperature the
radiations are mostly in infra red
regions. This working principle is
used to develop the filament lamp.
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Filament or Incandescent
Lamp
When an electric current is passed
through a fine metallic wire , it raises
the temperature of wire. At low
temperature only heat is produced but
at higher temperature light radiations
goes on increasing. As filament lamp
consists of fine wire of high resistive
material placed in an evacuated glass
bulb. This type of lamps are operated
at the temperature of 2500 oC .
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Filament Lamp
A tungsten filament is enclosed in evacuated glass
bulb but to improve its performance some chemical
like argon or nitrogen gas are filled.
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Properties of Metal for Filament

1. High melting point : so that it can be
operated at high temperature.
2. High specific resistance : so that it
produces more heat.
3. Low temperature coefficient : so that
filament resistance may not change at
operating temperature.
4. Low vapor pressure ; so that it may not
vaporize
5. High ductile : so that it may withstand
mechanical vibrations
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Sodium Vapor Lamp

This lamp consists of discharge tube
made from special heat resistance
glass, containing a small amount of
metallic sodium, neon gas and two
electrodes. Neon gas is added to start
the discharge and to develop enough
heat to vaporised sodium. A long tube
is required to get more light. To reduce
overall dimensions of the lamp, the
tube is generally bent into U-shape .
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Sodium Vapor Lamp

Working Principle :
An electric discharge lamps require a high
voltage at staring and low voltage during
operation. So at starting a voltage of 450
V is applied across the lamp to start the
discharge. After 10 to 15 minutes, the
voltage falls to 150 V because of low
power factor. To improve the power
factor a capacitor is connected across
the supply. The color of light produce is
yellowish.
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Sodium Vapor Lamp

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Mercury Vapor Lamp

On the basis of pressure inside the discharge
tube, the mercury vapor lamps are classified
as high pressure Mercury Vapor Lamp and
low pressure Mercury Vapor Lamp. High
pressure M.V. Lamps are of following types :
1.M.A. type : these are operated at 220 -250 V
A.C. main and made in 250 W and 400 W.
2.M.A.T. type : these are made in 300 and 500
W and operated at 200 -250 V A.C. as well
as D.C.
3.M.B. type : This is operated at 200 250 V
A.C. and made in 80 W and 125 W.
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Mercury Vapor Lamp

Construction :
It consists of hard glass tube enclosed in outer
bulb of ordinary glass. The space between two
bulbs are completely evacuated to prevent heat
loss by convection from inner bulb. The outer bulb
absorbs harmful ultra violet rays. The inner bulb
contains argon gas with certain quantity of
mercury. In addition with two electrodes on
starting electrode having high resistance in series
also provided. The main electrodes are made of
tungsten wire in helical shape. The lamp has
screwed cap and connected to supply with choke.
A capacitor is connected across supply to improve
power factor.
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Mercury Vapor Lamp

Working Principle :
When the supply is switched ON, full voltage is
applied across main and starting electrodes.
This voltage breaks down the gap and discharge
through argon gas takes place. As the lamp
warms up, mercury is vaporized , which increase
the vapor pressure. This discharge takes the
shape of intense arc. After 5 minutes, the lamp
gives full light.
It gives greenish blue color light .
this lamp is always suspended vertically, other
wise inner glass tube may break due to
excessive heat.
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Mercury Vapor Lamp

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Fluorescent Tube
it is a low pressure mercury vapor
lamp. It consists of a glass tube 25
mm in diameter and 0.6 m, 1.2 m
and 1.5 m in length. The tube
contains argon gas at low pressure
about 2.5 mm of mercury. At the two
ends, two electrodes coated with
some electron emissive material are
placed.
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Fluorescent Tube
The colors produce by this tubes are as :
Material Color
Zinc silicate Green
Calcium tungsten Blue
Cadmium borate Pink
Calcium Holo phosphate White or day light
Magnesium tungsten Bluish white

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Fluorescent Tube

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Fluorescent Tube
Working :
A choke is connected in series with the
tube which act as a blast and provide a
high voltage at starting glow in the
tube. During running condition the
same choke absorbs some supply
voltage and remain a voltage of 110 V
across the tube. A capacitor is
connected to improve the power factor.
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Advantages of Fluorescent
Tube

1. Voltage fluctuation has very small

effect on light output.
2. The luminous efficiency is more as
length of rod is more.
3. It gives light close to natural light.
4. Heat radiations are negligible.

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Disadvantages of
Fluorescent Tube
1. Its brightness is less.
2. Initial cost is more
3. Overall maintenance cost is high.

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Neon Lamp
These lamps are operated at a very low
temperature of about 200 oC thats why these
are called cold cathode discharge lamps.
Two electrodes are housed at the two ends of
the tube which contain neon gas. The
electrodes are made of iron or nickel cylinder
without any coating and practically they do
not emit electrons. It gives red light whereas
with mixture of mercury and argon it gives
bluish green color. Voltage require for starting
and operation is 10000 V. This high voltage is
obtained from transformer.
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Neon Lamp
Working :
When the supply is switched ON at primary side
of transformer, a voltage of 10000 V develops
across secondary side which come across two
electrodes. At this voltage a discharge occurs
in neon gas.
Different colors can be obtained by changing
the constituents of gases and mercury filled
in the tubes.
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Neon Lamp

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Neon Lamp
Applications :
Neon lamps are generally used for
advertising. Most of letters having
two ends at which electrodes are
placed. In letter having more than
two ends , the tube path is repeated
for some portion.

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Halogen Lamp
Halogen lamp is a special type of
tungsten filament lamp which was
developed in 1959, in this lams, a
small amount of halogen vapor is
added to the inert gas of the bulb. Its
glass bulb is small in size and
mechanically strong. It operates at
high temperature of 3000 oC .
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Halogen Lamp
When the supply is given to the lamp,
a filament glows and produce light.
The halogen in addition to inert gas
causes the evaporated tungsten to
resettle back on the filament during
cooling, thats why lamp can be
operated at high temperature.
It
provides high intensity light.

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Halogen Lamp

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Advantages of Halogen
Lamp
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

It is smaller in size.
It does not need any blast.
Good colors can be obtained.
Excellent optical control.
Gives same output throughout life
It has long life

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Disadvantages of Halogen
Lamp
1. During maintenance the handling of
lamp is difficult.
2. Radiant heat is more which heats
the surroundings.
3. Operating temperature is high which
effects its life.

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Compact fluorescent
Lamp( CFL)

The compact fluorescent lamps are

becoming more and more popular now
a days because of their low power
consumption, low running cost, longer
life, attractive look, smooth light and
low maintenance. These lamps are
available in different sizes and designs.
They have single rod, double rod, triple
rod or spiral rod. These lamps are
available in different power rating e.g.
5, 7, 9, 11, 18 and 24 watt 220 V
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It

Compact fluorescent
Lamp( CFL)

is basically a low pressure

mercury vapor lamp having two
electrodes coated with electron
emissive material placed in a
glass tube. The tube is coated
internally with some fluorescent
material in the form of powder. In
the tube one drop of mercury and
argon gas is filled at low pressure.

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Advantage of CFL
1.
2.
3.
4.

Low energy consumption.

Low maintenance cost
It stars instantly
It
does
not
heat
surroundings
5. Excellent color properties
6. Low operating cost
7. More life
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the

Applications of CFL
The compact size, longer life, low
running and maintenance cost,
instant glow makes these lamps
suitable for all places where
uniform illumination is required.
It is used in offices, shops, hotels,
hospitals,
cinema
halls,
residential buildings etc.
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Measurement of Candle
Power
The candle power of a source in
any
given
direction
is
measured by comparing it with
a standard or substandard
source with the help of an
optical
instrument
called
PHOTOMETER.
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Photometer
Photometers are mostly based on inverse
square law of illumination and may be
classified as stationary and portable
photometers.
The stationary photometers are usually
installed in a dark room with dead black
walls and ceiling in order to eliminate
error due to reflected light.
The portable photometers are direct
reading instruments used to measured
illumination
in
houses,
offices
,
commercial and industrial places.
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Lighting Schemes
Lighting
schemes
are
classified
according
to
the
location,
requirement and purpose etc. are as
under :
1. Direct lighting
2. Indirect lighting
3. Semi direct lighting
4. Semi indirect lighting
5. General lighting
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Direct Lighting
As is clear from the name, in this system
almost 90 to 95 % light falls directly on
the object or the surface. The light is
made to fall upon the surface with the
help of deep reflectors. Such type of
lighting scheme is most used in
industries and commercial lighting.
Although this scheme is most efficient
but it is liable to cause glare and
shadows.
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Indirect Lighting

In this system, the light does not fall

directly on the surface but more than 90
% of light is directed upwards by using
diffusing reflectors. Here the ceiling acts
as a source of light and this light is
uniformly distributed over the surface
and glare is reduced to minimum. It
provides shadow less illumination which
is useful for drawing offices and
composing rooms. It is also used for
decoration purposes in cinema halls,
hotels etc.
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Semi direct Lighting

This is also an efficient system of
lighting and chances of glare are also
reduced. Here transparent type
shades are used through which about
60 % light is directed downward and
40 % is directed upward. This also
provides a uniform distribution of
light and is best suited for room with
high ceilings.
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Semi indirect Lighting

In this system about 60 to 90 % of total
light is thrown upward to the ceiling
for diffused reflection and the rest
reaches the working plane directly. A
very small amount of light is
absorbed by the bowl. It is mainly
used for interior decoration.

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General Lighting
This system employs such type of
luminaries, shades and reflectors
which give equal illumination in all
the directions.

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Design of Indoor Light

Scheme

While designing a good lighting schemes,

the following points must be kept in mind
:
1. It should provide adequate illumination.
2. It should provides uniformly distributed
light all over working plane.
3. It should avoid glare and shadows as far
as possible.
4. It should provide light of suitable colors.
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Factors required for Light

Scheme

The following factors are required to be

considered while designing the
lighting scheme :
1. Illumination level
2. Quality of light
3. Co efficient of utilization
4. Depreciation factor
5. Space height ratio
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Illumination Level
This is the most vital factor in deciding
the
number
and
wattage
of
luminaries so that we are able to see
and recognize the object properly.
Colors of the body have the property
of reflecting the light in different
proportions, degree of illumination,
its distance from the viewer, contrast
between the object to be seen and
its surroundings.
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Illumination Level
Type of work recommended illumination level
Offices 100-400 lumens/ meter square
Schools 250-400 lumens/ meter square
Industry 1000 lumens/ meter square
Shops 250-500 lumens/ meter square
Hotels 80-100 lumens/ meter square
Hospitals
250-3500 lumens/ meter square

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Quality of Light
This means that the illumination should
not be harmful to the viewers. It should
be glare free, shadow less and contrast
free. Direct glare from the source of
light is most common factor. Presence
of polished and glassy surface will
cause indirect glare unless diffused
light is used. Hard and long shadows
can be avoided by using a large
number of lamps and adjusting the
mounting height.
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Co efficient of Utilization
A surface to be illuminated receive light
either directly from the lamps or reflected
from the ceiling and walls or both. In this
case, the total flux reaching the surface
will never be equal to the flux emitted by
the lamp, due to absorption by reflectors,
ceiling and walls.
Utilization factor = lumens reaching at the working
place
total lumens emitted by the source
Usually it varies from 0.5 to 0.8.
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Depreciation Factor
The total flux emitted by the source
and its fitting may be reduced due to
deposition of dust upon the surfaces.
Similarly quantity of light reflected
from the ceiling and walls also
decreases with the passage of time.
This is called as depreciation facto.
Usually it varies from 1.3 to 1.6.

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Space Height Ratio

The ratio of space (horizontal distance )
between the two adjacent lamps to the
vertical height of the lamps above the
working plane is called space height
ratio.
So the distance between the lamps is
not too much. An ideal scheme could
be when there is large number of small
size lamps are used also it increases
the cost of installation. So the space
height ratio is 1 to 1.5.
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Thank You

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