DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

RATES
BY
SEEMA ANSARI

ADC-2011

Seema Ansari

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION RATES OF THE

TELEPHONE SYSTEM :

When Analog signals are transmitted

digitally, the bitrate depends on the rate
at which the analog signal is sampled
and the coding scheme.
According to the sampling theorem, an
analog signal can be accurately
transmitted if sampled at a rate of
atleast twice the highest frequency
contained in that signal.
ADC-2011

Seema Ansari

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
RATES
For this reason the standard 4-Khz
telephone channel is sampled 8000
times (2x4k=8k) a second.
The coding procedure uses 8 bits to
describe the amplitude of each
sample so that a total of
( 8000x8=64kbps) 64 kbps are
transmitted for a single telephone
message.
ADC-2011

Seema Ansari

The hierarchy for the Asynchronous

Digital telephone Network
By using Multiplexing / De-Multiplexing several
messages can be transmitted at a higher bitrate.
The hierarchy for the Asynchronous Digital
telephone Network used in the United States is
shown in the Table on the next slide.
Shown are the information rates, their designation,
and the no. of Voice Channels.
For example the basic block is the T1 (Transmission
at level-1) system. It carries 24 Voice messages.
ADC-2011

Seema Ansari

ASYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL TELEPHONE

HIERARCHY
No. of Voice Transmission
Signaling
Channels
Designation Designation

1
24
48 (2T1)
96 (4 T1 )
672 (7T2)
1344 (2T3)
4032 (6T3)
6048 (9 T3)
ADC-2011

8064 (12T3)

T1
DS-1
T1 C
DS-1 C
T2
DS-2
T3
DS-3
T3 C
DS-3C
T4
DS-4
----Seema Ansari
-----

Datarate

64kbps
1.544 Mbps
3.152Mbps
6.312 Mbps
44.736 Mbps
91.053 Mbps
274.175 Mbps
405 Mbps
5

565 Mbps

ASYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL TELEPHONE

HIERARCHY
When the digital signaling is used, the designation
DS-1 (Digital Signal at level-1) is appropriate.
The T2 level is formed by combining 4T1 so that
4(24)=96 messages can be carried.
Fiber capabilities are so great that systems with
even greater capacities can be constructed.
For example Systems have been designed with
individual fiber line rates of 1.2, 1.7, and 2.3Gbps.
Multigigabit line rates (tens of thousands of Voice
channels) can be achieved using fibers.
ADC-2011

Seema Ansari

Asynchronous transmission
Asynchronous transmission uses start and stop bits to signify the
beginning bit, FOR EXAMPLE:
ASCII character would actually be transmitted using 10 bits e.g.: A
"0100 0001" would become "1 0100 0001 0".
The extra one (or zero depending on parity bit) at the start and end of
the transmission tells the receiver first that a character is coming and
secondly that the character has ended.
This method of transmission is used when data is sent irregularly as
opposed to in a solid stream. In the previous example the start and
stop bits are in bold.
The start and stop bits must be of opposite polarity. This allows the
receiver to recognize when the second packet of information is being
sent.
ADC-2011

Seema Ansari

Synchronous transmission

Synchronous transmission uses no start and stop bits but instead

synchronizes transmission speeds at both the receiving and sending
end of the transmission using clock signal(s) built into each
component.
A continual stream of data is then sent between the two nodes. Due
to there being no start and stop bits the data transfer rate is quicker
although more errors will occur, as the clocks will eventually get out
of sync, and the receiving device would have the wrong time that
had been agreed in the protocol for sending/receiving data, so some
bytes could become corrupted (by losing bits).
Ways to get around this problem include re-synchronization of the
clocks and use of check digits to ensure the byte is correctly
interpreted and received

ADC-2011

Seema Ansari