NATIONALISM AND

UNIFICATION

Latin America
Haiti (French Colony) inspired by
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
1791 Slave Revolt
Toussiant LOuvertureex-slave
became a leader and freed the
slaves on the island of Hispaniola.
French eventually captured and
imprisoned him (died in 1803)

 Contributions of Toussaint
LOuverture
Former slave who led Haitian
rebellion against French
Defeated the armies of three
foreign powers: Spain, France,
and Britain
Slaves in Haiti rebelled,
abolished slavery, and won
independence.

Bolivia/Venezuela
Contributions of Simn
Bolivar
Native resident who led
revolutionary efforts
Liberated the northern areas of
Latin America

Revolution in Latin
America cont
Mexico revolted out of anger
and threw off Spains control
Father Miguel Hidalgo started
the Mexican independence
movement.
Portugal revolted and got
independence!

How did the Monroe Doctrine impact revolutions in

Latin America?

Impact of the Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine was issued by
President James Monroe in 1823.
Latin American nations were
acknowledged to be independent.
The United States would regard as a
threat to its own peace and safety
any attempt by European powers to
impose their system on any
independent state in the Western
Hemisphere.

Russia
Russia in 1800s: still struggling
with its identity; struggled with
the challenges of
modernization; wanted to rid
country of serfdom because it
was a major hindrance to
advancement

Russia cont
1853Czar Nicholas I
attempted to take over part of
the Ottoman Empire in the
Crimean War.
Problem: Russia was not
modernized/advanced enough to
challenge the Ottoman Empire

Russia cont
Alexander IImade it his
mission to modernize and
advance Russia
Greatest accomplishment was
emancipating the serfs in 1861
Alexander II was assassinated
in 1881

Russia cont
Alexander IIIdetermined to
expand the planned reforms of
his predecessor. By now,
nationalism-pride and loyalty
towards Russian people, was a
major factor in Alex. III plan

Russia cont
Started a program called
Russificationa plan to unite all
Russian people (Russian language,
church, etc.) harsh measures were
used to force people to comply
Jews were often targeted. Their
lands and businesses were seized
and they were forced into ghettos
and were eventually massacred in
the pogroms

Austria-Hungary
Mostly a German speaking
kingdom, but there were other
ethnic nationalities living there.
Hoped that by uniting Austria
and Hungary and the many
nationalities it would make it a
much more powerful nation

Austria-Hungary cont
1867 Francis Joseph (Emperor
of Austria) proclaimed a dual
monarch Austria-Hungary. The
2 empires were technically
independent states in terms of
parliaments, but Joseph was
ruler of both

Austria-Hungary cont
Two sides were supposed to
compliment each other and make the
empire one of the strongest in
Europe. Empire definitely one of the
largest, but ironically the
nationalism that united the empire
eventually destroyed the empire and
it officially disbanded at the end of
WWI

Italy
Formed as a result of
nationalism. Movement was
known as Risorgimento in Italy
(resurgence of nationalism
which led to the unification of
Italy)

Italy cont
Italy in 1815
North controlled by Austria
Spain controlled Sicily and
South mainland
Pope controlled most lands
around Rome

Italy cont
1832 process begins to unite
due to nationalism
Giuseppe Mazzini (26 years old)
Young Italyno one older than
40 . Nationalist Group

Italy cont
1848year of many revolutions
throughout the Italian peninsula
Most of the revolutions failed
One success story was in
Sardinia where the 1848
revolution had brought a liberal
constitution

Italy cont
1852: Sardinias King Victor
Emmanuel II named Camillo di
Cavour as Prime Minister
Cavour will be able to expand
Sardinias power and influence
and became an instrumental
leader in Italian unification

Italy cont
Process of unification
1: To secure the north he had to
remove Austrian influencehe
allied w/France and the 2
defeated Austriathey received
everything but Venetia

Italy cont
2: The south was secured by
Giuseppe Garibaldi and the Red
Shirts. Garibaldi secured Sicily
and then the southern mainland.
Garibaldi then united the
southern regions w/the kingdom
of Sardinia

Italy cont
3: Venetia was incorporated in
1866 when they (Italy) sided in
the Seven Weeks War

Italy cont
4: Papal Stateslands governed
by the PopeRome came under
Italian control. Rome became
the capital. The Pope refused
to surrender the lands
immediately surrounding his
home and those lands became
known as Vatican City

Problems with
Unification
Rivalries btwn industrial
north/agricultural south
Different dialects
Economic problemsstrikes,
riots, heavy taxes=poor country

German Unification
Prussia will lead the way
Process:

1-N. German Confederation created at

the Congress of Vienna
2-Zollverein (economic union) created in
1834
3-Wilhelm I became king of Prussia in
1861; appointed Otto von Bismarck as
Prime Minister
Wilhelm and Bismarck supported by the
Junkers (wealthy Landowners

German Unification
cont..
4-Bismarcks strategies:
Realpolitik
3 wars used to unite Germany

Bismarcks Plan
RealpolitikRealistic Politics
do whatever is necessary
1-increase the army
Reduce Austrias influence
Unite the rest of the German
states under Prussian rule
Use 3 wars to accomplish plan

3 Wars
Danish War: (Used to set Austria up)
Prussia fought the Danes because
they ruled over the territories of
Schleswig and Holstein. Schleswig
had large German population.
Prussia persuaded Austria to fight
against the Danes (Denmark). After 3
months, Denmark surrendered and
Prussia convinced Austria to let tem
have Schleswig and Austria took
Holstein.

3 Wars cont
7 Weeks War: (Used to eliminate
Austria) Prussia made alliances with
everyone to isolate Austria. Prussia
invaded Holstein and got Austria to
declare war on Prussia. Austria lost.
Prussia got Holstein, Italy got
Venetia, and Austria removed from
the North German Confederation.

3 Wars cont
Franco-Prussian War: Used to
complete unification and bring in S.
German states
France worried that a Hohenzollern
would take throne of Spain to
surround France. Meeting took
place. Bismarck altered a telegram
insulting the French.

3 Wars cont
Franco-Prussian War: The
French declared war on Prussia.
The Fr. Would march through
the south to get to Prussiaso
the S. German states had to
unite w/Prussia
Unification complete 1871!!!

3 Wars cont

Wilhelm I = Kaiser
Bismarck = Chancellor
Berlin = Capital
German Empire had a
constitution w/democracy!!!