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SCIENCE
TOPIC 5
SOLID & FLUID
OBJECTIVE
UNDERSTANDING OF SOLID, LIQUID
& GAS
CONCEPTUAL MAP
State
State of
of Matter
Matter
Solid
Solid
Liquid
Liquid
Gas
Gas
Pressure
Pressure
Density
Density
Pressure
Pressure in
in
liquids
liquids
Pressure
Pressure
General formula
formula
P
P == F
F
A
A
Pressure
Pressure
P
P == h
hg
g
of which
SI
SI unit
unit
Pascal
Pascal (Pa)
(Pa)
Generalized in
Pascals
Pascals
principle
principle
Archimedes
Archimedes
principle
principle
3
STATES OF MATTER
Basic Structure of Matter
Matter is made up of small discrete particle
As these particles are too tiny to be seen with the naked eye, we use
an electron microscope to view them.
There are three states of matter:
a) solid
b) liquid
c) gas
Wood is an example of solid, oil is an example of liquid and oxygen is an
example of gas
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
4
PROPERTIES OF SOLID
SOLID
5
PROPERTIES OF LIQUID
LIQUID
6
PROPERTIES OF GASES
GAS
7
SUMMERIZE
Physical
Properties
Solid
Liquid
Gases
Shape
Fixed shape
No fixed shape
No fixed shape
Volume
Fixed volume
Fixed volume
No Fixed volume
Not easily
compressible
Compressible
Arrangement
Flows easily
Flows easily
Vibrates or rotates
Moving randomly
and freely in all
directions.
Constantly colliding
with one another
Moving randomy
and freely at high
speed in all
directions.
Constantly colliding
8
with one another.
Flow
Movement
mass ( kg )
volume ( m3 )
m
v
kg / m3
9
SPECIFIC DENSITY
Calculate as the ratio of density of substance to the
density of water.
No unit.
Specific gravity =
Density of substance
Density of water
Density
( kg / m3 )
Water
1000
Ice
917
Alcohol
790
Oxygen
1.43
Air
1.29
10
EXERCISE 1
1)
2)
3)
11
PRESSURE
Pressure is defined as the perpendicular or normal force per unit
area acting on a surface.
Pressure =
P
=
Perpendicular force ( N )
Area ( m2 )
F
A
N / m2
12
PASCALS PRINCIPLE
Pascals Principle states that pressure applied to an enclosed
fluid is transmitted uniformly to every part of the fluid and to the walls
of the container.
Mathematically, Pascals principle can be written in the form of the
following equation.
Force ( N )
Pressure =
P
=
F
A
Area ( m2 )
N / m2
13
PASCALS PRINCIPLE
Formulae:
F1
A1
F2
A2
F1 = Input force
A1 = Cross-sectional of the input cylinder
F2 = Output force
A2 = Cross-sectional of the output cylinder
Force, F1
Force, F2
Area, A1
Area, A2
Pressure, P
Figure A
14
PASCALS PRINCIPLE
Examples:
Hydraulic jack
Hydraulic Lift
Hydraulic brakes
15
EXERCISE 2
1. Figure below shows a 10N weight balancing a N weight placed on a bigger
syringe
10N
N
Cross-sectional area,
Cross-sectional area,
A1 = 14.5 cm2
A2 = 4.5 cm2
2. Figure below shows a garage hydraulic lift with two pistons. The smaller piston
has a cross-sectional area, A1=4.0 cm2. The bigger piston has a cross-sectional
area, A2=240cm2.
F1
F2
A2
A1
16
EXERCISE 3
Force, F1 = ?
Area, A1
Area, A2
= 0.005 m2
Pressure, P
3.
Force, F2 =
5000 N
= 0.01 m2
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
liquid
Liquid displaced
18
19
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
Examples:
Submarine
Ship
Hot-air balloon
Hydrometer: the apparatus that
measure liquid density
20
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
Archimedes principle states that for a body immersed wholly or
partially in a fluid, the upward buoyant force acting on the body is
equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.
For an object wholly immersed in a liquid as shown in Figure B,
the volume of liquid displaced is equal to the volume of the
object.
21
EXERCISE 4
1.
2.
3.
THE END