06 - Cell Text

Chapter 6
A Tour of the Cell
PowerPoint Lectures for

Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Overview: The Importance of Cells

All organisms are made of cells
The cell is the simplest collection of matter
that can live
Cell structure is correlated to cellular function
Figure 6.1
10 m
Concept 6.1: To study cells, biologists use

microscopes and the tools of biochemistry
Microscopy
Scientists use microscopes to visualize cells
too small to see with the naked eye
Light microscopes (LMs)

Pass visible light through a specimen
Magnify cellular structures with lenses
Unaided eye
Different types of microscopes

Can be used to visualize different sized
cellular structures
10 m
Length of some
nerve and
muscle cells
Chicken egg
1 cm
100 m
10 m
1m
100 nm
Frog egg
Most plant
and Animal
cells
Nucleus
Most bacteria
Mitochondrion
Smallest bacteria
Viruses
10 nm
Ribosomes
Proteins
1 nm
Lipids
Small molecules
Figure 6.2
0.1 nm
Atoms
Electron microscope
1 mm
Electron microscope
0.1 m
Human height
Light microscope
1m
Measurements
1 centimeter (cm) = 102 meter (m) = 0.4 inch
1 millimeter (mm) = 103 m
1 micrometer (m) = 103 mm = 106 m
1 nanometer (nm) = 103 mm = 109 m
Use different methods for enhancing

visualization of cellular structures
TECHNIQUE
RESULT
(a) Brightfield (unstained specimen).
Passes light directly through specimen.

Unless cell is naturally pigmented or
artificially stained, image has little
contrast. [Parts (a)(d) show a
human cheek epithelial cell.]
50 m
(b) Brightfield (stained specimen).

Staining with various dyes enhances
contrast, but most staining procedures
require that cells be fixed (preserved).
(c) Phase-contrast. Enhances contrast

in unstained cells by amplifying
variations in density within specimen;
especially useful for examining living,
unpigmented cells.
Figure 6.3
(d) Differential-interference-contrast (Nomarski).

Like phase-contrast microscopy, it uses optical
modifications to exaggerate differences in
density, making the image appear almost 3D.
(e) Fluorescence. Shows the locations of specific
molecules in the cell by tagging the molecules
with fluorescent dyes or antibodies. These
fluorescent substances absorb ultraviolet
radiation and emit visible light, as shown
here in a cell from an artery.
(f) Confocal. Uses lasers and special optics for
optical sectioning of fluorescently-stained
specimens. Only a single plane of focus is
illuminated; out-of-focus fluorescence above
and below the plane is subtracted by a computer.
A sharp image results, as seen in stained nervous
tissue (top), where nerve cells are green, support
cells are red, and regions of overlap are yellow. A
standard fluorescence micrograph (bottom) of this
relatively thick tissue is blurry.
50 m
50 m
Electron microscopes (EMs)

Focus a beam of electrons through a specimen
(TEM) or onto its surface (SEM)
The scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Provides for detailed study of the surface of a
specimen
TECHNIQUE
RESULTS
1 m
Cilia
(a) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Micrographs taken
with a scanning electron microscope show a 3D image of the
surface of a specimen. This SEM
shows the surface of a cell from a
rabbit trachea (windpipe) covered
with motile organelles called cilia.
Beating of the cilia helps move
inhaled debris upward toward
the throat.
Figure 6.4 (a)

The transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Provides for detailed study of the internal
ultrastructure of cells
Longitudinal
section of
cilium
(b) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A transmission electron
microscope profiles a thin section of a
specimen. Here we see a section through
a tracheal cell, revealing its ultrastructure.
In preparing the TEM, some cilia were cut
along their lengths, creating longitudinal
sections, while other cilia were cut straight
across, creating cross sections.
Figure 6.4 (b)

Cross section
of cilium
1 m
Isolating Organelles by Cell Fractionation

Cell fractionation
Takes cells apart and separates the major
organelles from one another
The centrifuge
Is used to fractionate cells into their
component parts
The process of cell fractionation

APPLICATION
Cell fractionation is used to isolate

(fractionate) cell components, based on size and density.
TECHNIQUE
First, cells are homogenized in a blender to

break them up. The resulting mixture (cell homogenate) is then
centrifuged at various speeds and durations to fractionate the cell
components, forming a series of pellets.
Figure 6.5
Homogenization
Tissue
cells
1000 g
Homogenate
(1000 times the
force of gravity)
Differential centrifugation
10 min
Supernatant poured
into next tube
20,000 g
20 min
Pellet rich in
nuclei and
cellular debris
Figure 6.5
80,000 g
60 min
150,000 g
3 hr
Pellet rich in
mitochondria
(and chloroplasts if cells
are from a Pellet rich in
plant)
microsomes
(pieces of
plasma membranes and
Pellet rich in
cells internal ribosomes
membranes)
In the original experiments, the researchers

used microscopy to identify the organelles in each pellet,
establishing a baseline for further experiments. In the next series of
experiments, researchers used biochemical methods to determine
the metabolic functions associated with each type of organelle.
Researchers currently use cell fractionation to isolate particular
organelles in order to study further details of their function.
RESULTS
Figure 6.5
Concept 6.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal

membranes that compartmentalize their functions
Two types of cells make up every organism
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

All cells have several basic features in common
They are bounded by a plasma membrane
They contain a semifluid substance called the

cytosol
They contain chromosomes
They all have ribosomes
Prokaryotic cells
Do not contain a nucleus
Have their DNA located in a region called
the nucleoid
Pili: attachment structures on

the surface of some prokaryotes
Nucleoid: region where the
cells DNA is located (not
enclosed by a membrane)
Ribosomes: organelles that
synthesize proteins
Bacterial
chromosome
(a) A typical
rod-shaped bacterium
Plasma membrane: membrane

enclosing the cytoplasm
Cell wall: rigid structure outside
the plasma membrane
Capsule: jelly-like outer coating
of many prokaryotes
0.5 m
Flagella: locomotion
organelles of
some bacteria
Figure 6.6 A, B
(b) A thin section through the

bacterium Bacillus coagulans
(TEM)
Eukaryotic cells
Contain a true nucleus, bounded by a
membranous nuclear envelope
Are generally quite a bit bigger than
prokaryotic cells
The logistics of carrying out cellular

metabolism sets limits on the size of cells
A smaller cell
Has a higher surface to volume ratio, which
facilitates the exchange of materials into and
out of the cell
Surface area increases while
total volume remains constant
5
1
1
Total surface area
(height width
number of sides
number of boxes)
150
750
Total volume
(height width length
number of boxes)
125
125
Surface-to-volume
ratio
(surface area volume)
12
Figure 6.7
The plasma membrane

Functions as a selective barrier
Allows sufficient passage of nutrients
and waste
Outside of cell
Carbohydrate side chain
Hydrophilic
region
Inside of cell
Figure 6.8 A, B
0.1 m
(a) TEM of a plasma

membrane. The
plasma membrane,
here in a red blood
cell, appears as a
pair of dark bands
separated by a
light band.
Hydrophobic
region
Hydrophilic
region
Phospholipid
Proteins
(b) Structure of the plasma membrane
A Panoramic View of the Eukaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic cells
Have extensive and elaborately arranged
internal membranes, which form organelles
Plant and animal cells

Have most of the same organelles
A animal cell
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
NUCLEUS
Chromatin
Flagelium
Plasma membrane
Centrosome
CYTOSKELETON
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Ribosomes
Microtubules
Microvilli
Golgi apparatus
Peroxisome
Figure 6.9
Mitochondrion
Lysosome
In animal cells but not plant cells:

Lysosomes
Centrioles
Flagella (in some plant sperm)
A plant cell
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Chromatin
NUCLEUS
Centrosome
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes (small brwon dots)
Central vacuole
Tonoplast
Golgi apparatus
Microfilaments
Intermediate
filaments
CYTOSKELETON
Microtubules
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasma membrane
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Plasmodesmata
Wall of adjacent cell
Figure 6.9
In plant cells but not animal cells:

Chloroplasts
Central vacuole and tonoplast
Cell wall
Plasmodesmata
Concept 6.3: The eukaryotic cells genetic

instructions are housed in the nucleus and
carried out by the ribosomes
The Nucleus: Genetic Library of the Cell

The nucleus
Contains most of the genes in the
eukaryotic cell
The nuclear envelope

Encloses the nucleus, separating its contents
from the cytoplasm
Nucleus
1 m
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope:
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Nuclear pore
Pore
complex
Rough ER
Surface of nuclear
envelope.
1 m
Ribosome
0.25 m
Close-up of
nuclear
envelope
Figure 6.10
Pore complexes (TEM).
Nuclear lamina (TEM).
Ribosomes: Protein Factories in the Cell

Ribosomes
Are particles made of ribosomal RNA
and protein
Carry out protein synthesis

Ribosomes
ER
Cytosol
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Free ribosomes
Bound ribosomes
Large
subunit
0.5 m
TEM showing ER and ribosomes
Figure 6.11
Small
subunit
Diagram of a ribosome
Concept 6.4: The endomembrane system

regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic
functions in the cell
The endomembrane system
Includes many different structures
The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Accounts for more than half the total
membrane in many eukaryotic cells
The ER membrane
Is continuous with the nuclear envelope
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Nuclear
envelope
ER lumen
Cisternae
Ribosomes
Transitional ER
Transport vesicle
Smooth ER
Rough ER 200 m
Figure 6.12
There are two distinct regions of ER

Smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes
Rough ER, which contains ribosomes
Functions of Smooth ER
The smooth ER
Synthesizes lipids
Metabolizes carbohydrates
Stores calcium
Detoxifies poison
Functions of Rough ER
The rough ER
Has bound ribosomes
Produces proteins and membranes, which are
distributed by transport vesicles
The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and

Receiving Center
The Golgi apparatus
Receives many of the transport vesicles
produced in the rough ER
Consists of flattened membranous sacs called
cisternae
Functions of the Golgi apparatus include

Modification of the products of the rough ER
Manufacture of certain macromolecules
Functions of the Golgi apparatus

Golgi
apparatus
cis face
(receiving side of
Golgi apparatus)
1 Vesicles move
2 Vesicles coalesce to
6 Vesicles also
form new cis Golgi cisternae
from ER to Golgi
transport certain
Cisternae
proteins back to ER
3 Cisternal
maturation:
Golgi cisternae
move in a cisto-trans
direction
Figure 6.13
5 Vesicles transport specific
proteins backward to newer
Golgi cisternae
4 Vesicles form and

leave Golgi, carrying
specific proteins to
other locations or to
the plasma membrane for secretion
trans face
(shipping side of
Golgi apparatus)
0.1 0 m
TEM of Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments

A lysosome
Is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes
Can digest all kinds of macromolecules
Lysosomes carry out intracellular digestion by

Phagocytosis
Nucleus
1 m
Lysosome
Lysosome contains
active hydrolytic
enzymes
Food vacuole
fuses with
lysosome
Hydrolytic
enzymes digest
food particles
Digestive
enzymes
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
Digestion
Food vacuole
Figure 6.14 A
(a) Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food
Autophagy
Lysosome containing
two damaged organelles
1m
Mitochondrion
fragment
Peroxisome
fragment
Lysosome fuses with

vesicle containing
damaged organelle
Hydrolytic enzymes
digest organelle
components
Lysosome
Figure 6.14 B
Vesicle containing
damaged mitochondrion
Digestion
(b) Autophagy: lysosome breaking down damaged organelle
Vacuoles: Diverse Maintenance Compartments

A plant or fungal cell
May have one or several vacuoles
Food vacuoles
Are formed by phagocytosis
Contractile vacuoles
Pump excess water out of protist cells
Central vacuoles
Are found in plant cells
Hold reserves of important organic
compounds and water
Central vacuole
Cytosol
Tonoplast
Nucleus
Central
vacuole
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Figure 6.15
5 m
The Endomembrane System: A Review

The endomembrane system
Is a complex and dynamic player in the cells
compartmental organization
Relationships among organelles of the

endomembrane system
1 Nuclear envelope is
connected to rough ER,
which is also continuous
with smooth ER
Nucleus
Rough ER
Membranes and proteins

produced by the ER flow in
the form of transport vesicles
to the Golgi
Smooth ER
cis Golgi
Nuclear envelop
Golgi pinches off transport

Vesicles and other vesicles
that give rise to lysosomes and
Vacuoles
Plasma
membrane
trans Golgi
Lysosome available
for fusion with another
vesicle for digestion
Figure 6.16
5 Transport vesicle carries 6

proteins to plasma
membrane for secretion
Plasma membrane expands

by fusion of vesicles; proteins
are secreted from cell
Concept 6.5: Mitochondria and chloroplasts

change energy from one form to another
Mitochondria
Are the sites of cellular respiration
Chloroplasts
Found only in plants, are the sites of
photosynthesis
Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion

Mitochondria
Are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria are enclosed by two membranes

A smooth outer membrane
An inner membrane folded into cristae
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane space
Outer
membrane
Free
ribosomes
in the
mitochondrial
matrix
Inner
membrane
Cristae
Matrix
Figure 6.17
Mitochondrial
DNA
100 m
Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy

The chloroplast
Is a specialized member of a family of closely
related plant organelles called plastids
Contains chlorophyll
Chloroplasts
Are found in leaves and other green organs of
plants and in algae
Chloroplast
Ribosomes
Stroma
Chloroplast
DNA
Inner and outer

membranes
Granum
1 m
Figure 6.18
Thylakoid
Chloroplast structure includes

Thylakoids, membranous sacs
Stroma, the internal fluid
Peroxisomes: Oxidation
Peroxisomes
Produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to
water
Chloroplast
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
Figure 6.19
1 m
Concept 6.6: The cytoskeleton is a network of

fibers that organizes structures and activities in
the cell
The cytoskeleton
Is a network of fibers extending throughout the
cytoplasm
Microtubule
Figure 6.20
0.25 m
Microfilaments
Roles of the Cytoskeleton: Support, Motility, and Regulation
The cytoskeleton
Gives mechanical support to the cell
Is involved in cell motility, which utilizes motor

proteins
ATP
Vesicle
Receptor for
motor protein
Motor protein
Microtubule
(ATP powered)
of cytoskeleton
(a) Motor proteins that attach to receptors on organelles can walk
the organelles along microtubules or, in some cases, microfilaments.
Vesicles
Microtubule
0.25 m
Figure 6.21 A, B
(b) Vesicles containing neurotransmitters migrate to the tips of nerve cell

axons via the mechanism in (a). In this SEM of a squid giant axon, two
vesicles can be seen moving along a microtubule. (A separate part of the
experiment provided the evidence that they were in fact moving.)
Components of the Cytoskeleton
There are three main types of fibers that make

up the cytoskeleton
Table 6.1
Microtubules
Microtubules
Shape the cell
Guide movement of organelles
Help separate the chromosome copies in
dividing cells
Centrosomes and Centrioles

The centrosome
Is considered to be a microtubule-organizing
center
Contains a pair of centrioles

Centrosome
Microtubule
Centrioles
0.25 m
Figure 6.22
Longitudinal section
of one centriole
Microtubules
Cross section
of the other centriole
Cilia and Flagella

Cilia and flagella
Contain specialized arrangements of
microtubules
Are locomotor appendages of some cells
Flagella beating pattern
(a) Motion of flagella. A flagellum

usually undulates, its snakelike
motion driving a cell in the same
direction as the axis of the
flagellum. Propulsion of a human
sperm cell is an example of
flagellatelocomotion (LM).
Direction of swimming
Figure 6.23 A
1 m
Ciliary motion
(b) Motion of cilia. Cilia have a backand-forth motion that moves the
cell in a direction perpendicular
to the axis of the cilium. A dense
nap of cilia, beating at a rate of
about 40 to 60 strokes a second,
covers this Colpidium, a
freshwater protozoan (SEM).
Figure 6.23 B
15 m
Cilia and flagella share a common

ultrastructure
Outer microtubule
doublet
Dynein arms
0.1 m
Central
microtubule
Outer doublets
cross-linking
proteins inside
Microtubules
Radial
spoke
Plasma
membrane
Basal body
0.5 m
(a)
(b)
0.1 m
Triplet
(c)
Figure 6.24 A-C

Cross section of basal body
Plasma
membrane
The protein dynein

Is responsible for the bending movement of
cilia and flagella
Microtubule
doublets
ATP
Dynein arm
(a) Powered by ATP, the dynein arms of one microtubule doublet
grip the adjacent doublet, push it up, release, and then grip again.
If the two microtubule doublets were not attached, they would slide
relative to each other.
Figure 6.25 A
ATP
Outer doublets
cross-linking
proteins
Anchorage
in cell
(b) In a cilium or flagellum, two adjacent doublets cannot slide far because
they are physically restrained by proteins, so they bend. (Only two of
the nine outer doublets in Figure 6.24b are shown here.)
Figure 6.25 B
(c) Localized, synchronized activation of many dynein arms

probably causes a bend to begin at the base of the Cilium or
flagellum and move outward toward the tip. Many successive
bends, such as the ones shown here to the left and right,
result in a wavelike motion. In this diagram, the two central
microtubules and the cross-linking proteins are not shown.
Figure 6.25 C
Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)

Microfilaments
Are built from molecules of the protein actin
Are found in microvilli

Microvillus
Plasma membrane
Microfilaments (actin
filaments)
Figure 6.26
0.25 m
Microfilaments that function in cellular motility

Contain the protein myosin in addition to actin
Muscle cell
Actin filament
Myosin filament
Myosin arm
Figure 6.27 A
(a) Myosin motors in muscle cell contraction.
Amoeboid movement
Involves the contraction of actin and myosin
filaments
Cortex (outer cytoplasm):
gel with actin network
Inner cytoplasm: sol
with actin subunits
Extending
pseudopodium
Figure 6.27 B
(b) Amoeboid movement
Cytoplasmic streaming
Is another form of locomotion created by
microfilaments
Nonmoving
cytoplasm (gel)
Chloroplast
Streaming
cytoplasm
(sol)
Parallel actin
filaments
Figure 6.27 C
(b) Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
Cell wall
Intermediate Filaments
Support cell shape
Fix organelles in place
Concept 6.7: Extracellular components and

connections between cells help coordinate
cellular activities
Cell Walls of Plants

The cell wall
Is an extracellular structure of plant cells that
distinguishes them from animal cells
Plant cell walls

Are made of cellulose fibers embedded in
other polysaccharides and protein
May have multiple layers
Central
vacuole
of cell
Plasma
membrane
Secondary
cell wall
Primary
cell wall
Central
vacuole
of cell
Middle
lamella
1 m
Central vacuole
Cytosol
Plasma membrane
Plant cell walls
Figure 6.28
Plasmodesmata
The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells

Animal cells
Lack cell walls
Are covered by an elaborate matrix, the ECM
The ECM
Is made up of glycoproteins and other
macromolecules
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
Collagen
A proteoglycan
complex
Polysaccharide
molecule
Carbohydrates
Core
protein
Fibronectin
Plasma
membrane
Integrin
Figure 6.29
Integrins
Microfilaments
CYTOPLASM
Proteoglycan
molecule
Functions of the ECM include

Support
Adhesion
Movement
Regulation
Intercellular Junctions
Plants: Plasmodesmata
Plasmodesmata
Are channels that perforate plant cell walls
Cell walls
Interior
of cell
Interior
of cell
Figure 6.30
0.5 m
Plasmodesmata
Plasma membranes
Animals: Tight Junctions, Desmosomes, and Gap Junctions
In animals, there are three types of intercellular

junctions
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Types of intercellular junctions in animals

TIGHT JUNCTIONS
Tight junction
Tight junctions prevent

fluid from moving
across a layer of cells
0.5 m
At tight junctions, the membranes of

neighboring cells are very tightly pressed
against each other, bound together by
specific proteins (purple). Forming continuous seals around the cells, tight junctions
prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across
A layer of epithelial cells.
DESMOSOMES
Desmosomes (also called anchoring
junctions) function like rivets, fastening cells
Together into strong sheets. Intermediate
Filaments made of sturdy keratin proteins
Anchor desmosomes in the cytoplasm.
Tight junctions
Intermediate
filaments
Desmosome
Gap
junctions
Space
between Plasma membranes
cells
of adjacent cells
1 m
Extracellular
matrix
Gap junction
Figure 6.31
0.1 m
GAP JUNCTIONS
Gap junctions (also called communicating
junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels from
one cell to an adjacent cell. Gap junctions
consist of special membrane proteins that
surround a pore through which ions, sugars,
amino acids, and other small molecules may
pass. Gap junctions are necessary for communication between cells in many types of tissues,
including heart muscle and animal embryos.
The Cell: A Living Unit Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts
5 m
Cells rely on the integration of structures and

organelles in order to function
Figure 6.32

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Chapter 6

A Tour of the Cell

PowerPoint Lectures for

Lectures by Chris Romero

Overview: The Importance of Cells

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cell structure is correlated to cellular function

Concept 6.1: To study cells, biologists use

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Light microscopes (LMs)

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Different types of microscopes

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Use different methods for enhancing

(a) Brightfield (unstained specimen).

Passes light directly through specimen.

(b) Brightfield (stained specimen).

(c) Phase-contrast. Enhances contrast

(d) Differential-interference-contrast (Nomarski).

Electron microscopes (EMs)

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Figure 6.4 (a)

The transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Figure 6.4 (b)

Isolating Organelles by Cell Fractionation

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The process of cell fractionation

Cell fractionation is used to isolate

First, cells are homogenized in a blender to

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

In the original experiments, the researchers

Concept 6.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

They contain a semifluid substance called the

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pili: attachment structures on

Plasma membrane: membrane

(b) A thin section through the

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The logistics of carrying out cellular

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The plasma membrane

Carbohydrate side chain

(a) TEM of a plasma

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

(b) Structure of the plasma membrane

A Panoramic View of the Eukaryotic Cell

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Plant and animal cells

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

In animal cells but not plant cells:

Ribosomes (small brwon dots)

In plant cells but not animal cells:

Concept 6.3: The eukaryotic cells genetic

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Nucleus: Genetic Library of the Cell