CHEMICAL BONDING

IONIC BONDS
COVALENT BONDS
HYDROGEN BONDS
METALLIC BONDS

IONIC BONDING

When an atom of a nonmeta

akes one or more electrons
from an atom of a metal
so both atoms end up with
eight valence electrons

IONIC BONDING
IS THE COMPOUND
AN IONIC COMPOUND?
METAL

NONMETAL

SUBSCRIPTS

IONIC BOND FORMATION

Neutral atoms come near each other.

Electron(s) are transferred from the Metal atom
to the Non-metal atom. They stick together
because of electrostatic forces, like magnets.

IONIC BONDING
Metals will tend to lose electrons
and become

POSITIVE CATIONS

Normal sodium atom

loses one electron

to become sodium ion

IONIC BONDING
Nonmetals will tend to gain
electrons and become

NEGATIVE ANIONS

Normal chlorine atom

gains an electron

to become a chloride ion

IONIC BONDING
POLYATOMIC IONS--a group
of atoms that act like one ion

NH4+1--ammonium ion
CO3-2--carbonate ion
PO4-3--phosphate ion

IONIC BONDING

SODIUM SULFATE

Properties of Ionic Compounds

Crystalline structure.
A regular repeating
arrangement of ions in the solid.
Ions are strongly bonded.
Structure is rigid.
High melting points- because of
strong forces between ions.

Crystalline structure
The
POSITIVE
CATIONS
stick to the
NEGATIVE
ANIONS, like
a magnet.

+
+
- - +
+ + - + - +
- + - +

Do they Conduct?
Conducting electricity is allowing
charges to move.
In a solid, the ions are locked in place.
Ionic solids are insulators.
When melted, the ions can move
around.
Melted ionic compounds conduct.
First get them to 800C.
Dissolved in water they conduct.

Ionic solids are brittle

+
+
-

+
+

+
+
-

+
+

Ionic solids are brittle

Strong Repulsion breaks crystal apart.

+
+ - + - +
+ - + - + - +

COVALENT BONDING

When an atom of one

nonmetal
shares one or more
electrons
with an atom of
another
nonmetal so both
atoms

COVALENT BOND
FORMATION

When one nonmetal shares one or

more electrons with an atom of
another nonmetal so both atoms
end up with eight valence
electrons

COVALENT BONDING
IS THE COMPOUND
A COVALENT COMPOUND?
NONMETAL

NONMETAL

YES since it is made of only nonmetal elements

Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons

Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven

Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons

Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons

Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons

F F

Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons

F F

Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons

F F

Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons
Both end with full orbitals

F F

Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons
Both end with full orbitals

F F

8 Valence
electrons

Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons
Both end with full orbitals

8 Valence
electrons

F F

Single Covalent Bond

A sharing of two valence electrons.
Only nonmetals and Hydrogen.
Different from an ionic bond because they
actually form molecules.
Two specific atoms are joined.
In an ionic solid you cant tell which atom
the electrons moved from or to.

Water

H
O

Each hydrogen has 1 valence

electron
Each hydrogen wants 1 more
The oxygen has 6 valence
electrons
The oxygen wants 2 more
They share to make each other
happy

Water
Put the pieces together
The first hydrogen is happy
The oxygen still wants one more

HO

Water
The second hydrogen attaches
Every atom has full energy levels

HO
H

Carbon dioxide

C
O

CO2 - Carbon is central atom (

I have to tell you)
Carbon has 4 valence
electrons
Wants 4 more
Oxygen has 6 valence
electrons
Wants 2 more

Carbon dioxide
Attaching 1 oxygen leaves the oxygen 1
short and the carbon 3 short

CO

Carbon dioxide

Attaching the second oxygen leaves

both oxygen 1 short and the carbon 2
short

OC O

Carbon dioxide

The only solution is to share more

O CO

Carbon dioxide

The only solution is to share more

O CO

Carbon dioxide

The only solution is to share more

O CO

Carbon dioxide

The only solution is to share more

O C O

Carbon dioxide

The only solution is to share more

O C O

Carbon dioxide

The only solution is to share more

O C O

Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more
Requires two double bonds
Each atom gets to count all the atoms
in the bond

O C O

Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more
Requires two double bonds
Each atom gets to count all the atoms
in the bond
8 valence
electrons

O C O

Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more
Requires two double bonds
Each atom gets to count all the atoms
in the bond
8 valence
electrons

O C O

Carbon dioxide
The only solution is to share more
Requires two double bonds
Each atom gets to count all the atoms
in the bond
8 valence
electrons

O C O

How to draw them

Add up all the valence electrons.
Count up the total number of electrons to
make all atoms happy.
Subtract.
Divide by 2
Tells you how many bonds - draw them.
Fill in the rest of the valence electrons to fill
atoms up.

Examples

HCN C is central atom

N - has 5 valence electrons wants 8
C - has 4 valence electrons wants 8
H - has 1 valence electrons wants 2
HCN has 5+4+1 = 10
HCN wants 8+8+2 = 18
(18-10)/2= 4 bonds
3 atoms with 4 bonds -will require multiple bonds not to H

HCN
Put in single bonds
Need 2 more bonds
Must go between C and N

HC N

HCN
Put in single bonds
Need 2 more bonds
Must go between C and N
Uses 8 electrons - 2 more to add

HC N

HCN
Put in single bonds
Need 2 more bonds
Must go between C and N
Uses 8 electrons - 2 more to add
Must go on N to fill octet

HC N

Polar Bonds
When the atoms in a bond are the same, the
electrons are shared equally.
This is a nonpolar covalent bond.
When two different atoms are connected,
the atoms may not be shared equally.
This is a polar covalent bond.
How do we measure how strong the atoms
pull on electrons?

Electronegativity
A measure of how strongly the atoms attract
electrons in a bond.
The bigger the electronegativity difference
the more polar the bond.
0.0 - 0.3 Covalent nonpolar
0.3 - 1.67 Covalent polar
>1.67 Ionic

How to show a bond is polar

Isnt a whole charge just a partial charge

means a partially positive
means a partially negative

Cl

The Cl pulls harder on the electrons

The electrons spend more time near the Cl

Polar Molecules
Molecules with ends

Polar Molecules
Molecules with a positive and a negative end
Requires two things to be true
The molecule must contain polar bonds
This can be determined from differences in
electronegativity.
Symmetry can not cancel out the effects of the
polar bonds.
Must determine geometry first.

Is it polar?
HF
H2O
NH3
CCl4
CO2

Intermolecular Forces
What holds molecules to each other

Intermolecular Forces
They are what make solid and liquid molecular
compounds possible.
The weakest are called van der Waals forces there are two kinds
Dispersion forces
Dipole Interactions
depend on the number of electrons
more electrons stronger forces
Bigger molecules

Dipole interactions
Depend on the number of electrons
More electrons stronger forces
Bigger molecules more electrons

Fluorine is a gas
Bromine is a liquid
Iodine is a solid

Dipole interactions
Occur when polar molecules are attracted to
each other.
Slightly stronger than dispersion forces.
Opposites attract but not completely hooked
like in ionic solids.

Dipole interactions
Occur when polar molecules are attracted to
each other.
Slightly stronger than dispersion forces.
Opposites attract but not completely hooked
likein ionic
solids.

H F

H F

Dipole Interactions

Hydrogen bonding
Are the attractive force caused by hydrogen
bonded to F, O, or N.
F, O, and N are very electronegative so it is
a very strong dipole.
The hydrogen partially share with the lone
pair in the molecule next to it.
The strongest of the intermolecular forces.

Hydrogen Bonding

H
+

+ H O
H +

H
H

H O
H

H
H

H O
H
H O

O
H

Hydrogen bonding

MOLECULAR
SHAPES
OF
COVALENT
COMPOUNDS

VSepR tHEORY

What Vsepr
means

Since electrons do not like each

other, because of their negative
charges, they orient themselves
as far apart as possible, from
each other.
This leads to molecules having
specific shapes.

Things to
remember
Atoms bond to form an Octet
(8 outer electrons/full outer
energy level)
Bonded electrons take up less
space then un-bonded/unshared
pairs of electrons.

Linear
EXAMPLE:

BeF2
Number of Bonds = 2
Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 2
Bond Angle = 180

Trigonal Planar
EXAMPLE:

GaF3
Number of Bonds = 3
Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 3
Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 0
Bond Angle = 120

Bent #1
EXAMPLE:

H2O
Number of Bonds = 2
Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 2
Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 2
Bond Angle = < 120

Bent #2
EXAMPLE:

O3
Number of Bonds = 2
Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 2
Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 1
Bond Angle = >120

Tetrahedral
EXAMPLE:

CH4
Number of Bonds = 4
Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 4
Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 0
Bond Angle = 109.5

Trigonal Pyramidal
EXAMPLE:

NH3
Number of Bonds = 3
Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 4
Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 1
Bond Angle = <109.5

Trigonal bIPyramidal
EXAMPLE:

NbF5
Number of Bonds = 5
Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 5
Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 0
Bond Angle = <120

OCTAHEDRAL
EXAMPLE:

SF6
Number of Bonds = 6
Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 6
Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 1
Bond Angle = 90

Metallic Bonds
How atoms are held together in
the solid.
Metals hold onto there valence
electrons very weakly.
Think of them as positive ions
floating in a sea of electrons.

Sea of Electrons
Electrons are free to move through the
solid.
Metals conduct electricity.

+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + +

Metals are Malleable

Hammered into shape

(bend).
Ductile - drawn into
wires.

Malleable

+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + +

Malleable
Electrons allow atoms to slide by.
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +