Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Spring 2005
Note to Instructors
These slides were developed1, during the spring semester 2005, as a teaching aid for the
undergraduate Fluid Mechanics course (ME33: Fluid Flow) in the Department of Mechanical
and Nuclear Engineering at Penn State University. This course had two sections, one taught by
myself and one taught by Prof. John Cimbala. While we gave common homework and exams,
we independently developed lecture notes. This was also the first semester that Fluid
Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications was used at PSU. My section had 93 students
and was held in a classroom with a computer, projector, and blackboard. While slides have
been developed for each chapter of Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, I
used a combination of blackboard and electronic presentation. In the student evaluations of my
course, there were both positive and negative comments on the use of electronic presentation.
Therefore, these slides should only be integrated into your lectures with careful consideration of
your teaching style and course objectives.
Eric Paterson
Penn State, University Park
August 2005
These slides were originally prepared using the LaTeX typesetting system (http://www.tug.org/)
and the beamer class (http://latex-beamer.sourceforge.net/), but were translated to PowerPoint for
wider dissemination by McGraw-Hill.
1
Objectives
Have an intuitive understanding of the various
physical phenomena such as drag, friction and
pressure drag, drag reduction, and lift.
Calculate the drag force associated with flow
over common geometries.
Understand the effects of flow regime on the
drag coefficients associated with flow over
cylinders and spheres
Understand the fundamentals of flow over
airfoils, and calculate the drag and lift forces
acting on airfoils.
ME33 : Fluid Flow
Motivation
Motivation
External Flow
Bodies and vehicles in motion, or with flow over them,
experience fluid-dynamic forces and moments.
Examples include: aircraft, automobiles, buildings,
ships, submarines, turbomachines.
These problems are often classified as External Flows.
Fuel economy, speed, acceleration, maneuverability,
stability, and control are directly related to the
aerodynamic/hydrodynamic forces and moments.
General 6DOF motion of vehicles is described by 6
equations for the linear (surge, heave, sway) and
angular (roll, pitch, yaw) momentum.
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Porsche 911
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Friction drag
Pressure drag
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Streamlining
Streamlining reduces drag
by reducing FD,pressure, at
the cost of increasing
wetted surface area and
FD,friction.
Goal is to eliminate flow
separation and minimize
total drag FD
Also improves structural
acoustics since separation
and vortex shedding can
excite structural modes.
ME33 : Fluid Flow
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Streamlining
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CD of Common Geometries
For many geometries, total drag CD
is constant for Re > 104
CD can be very dependent upon
orientation of body.
As a crude approximation,
superposition can be used to add
CD from various components of a
system to obtain overall drag.
However, there is no mathematical
reason (e.g., linear PDE's) for the
success of doing this.
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CD of Common Geometries
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CD of Common Geometries
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CD of Common Geometries
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Effect of Roughness
Similar to Moody
Chart for pipe flow
Laminar flow
unaffected by
roughness
Turbulent flow
significantly affected:
Cf can increase by 7x
for a given Re
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Lift
Lift is the net force
(due to pressure and
viscous forces)
perpendicular to flow
direction.
Lift coefficient
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Computing Lift
Potential-flow approximation gives
accurate CL for angles of attack below
stall: boundary layer can be neglected.
Thin-foil theory: superposition of uniform
stream and vortices on mean camber
line.
Java-applet panel codes available online:
http://www.aa.nps.navy.mil/~jones/online_
tools/panel2/
Kutta condition required at trailing edge:
fixes stagnation pt at TE.
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