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An Introduction to Architecture for

Undergraduate

Nong WU

Ph.D.

Institute Professor
Northwestern Polytechnical
University
School of Mechanics, Civil
Engineering and Architecture
wunong@nwpu.edu.cn

Before The Class Begins

Undergraduate
Education
& Graduate Education

CONTENTS
Preface
1, Task & Objective
2, Academic Programs
3, Study Areas and Course Descriptions
The New Design Guidance on Architecture
1. Market Forecast in Design Work
2. Market Competition
3. The investor
4. Social change & Needs
5. Innovation
Subject Areas In our Institute

. Preface
1. Task & Objective
The task of architecture is the creation of human
environments.
It is both an expression of human values and a context for
human activity.
Through the design process, architecture addresses the
interrelated environmental, behavioral, and cultural issues
that underlie the organization of built form.

. Preface
The student of architecture is called upon to direct
sensitivity, imagination, and intellect to the physical
significance of these fundamental issues in
designing a coherent environment for people.
Architectural design as a comprehensive creative
process is the focus of the education of Architecture.

. Preface
2. Academic Programs

The objectives of the Education of Architecture

reflect the view that architecture is an intellectual
discipline, both an art and a profession.
The program, therefore, is based on the following
intentions:
1) to stimulate artistic sensitivity and creative powers,

. Preface
2) to strengthen intellectual growth and the capacity to
develop creative and responsible solutions to unique and
changing problems, and
3) to acquire the individual capabilities necessary for the
competent practice of architecture and lifelong learning.
In order to further the study of architecture,
the curriculum offers opportunities for study
in several interrelated fields.

. Preface
1) Design studio
For the programs leading to the degrees of Master of
Architecture, the design studio is paramount in the Schools
curriculum, emphasizing the interrelationships between
purpose, design, competition, collaboration, innovation, and
open discussion in an environment that values risk-taking
and experimentation.

. Preface
1) Design studio
The design studio is a workshop in which students come
together to present and discuss projects and proposals with
fellow classmates, faculty, visiting critics, professionals, and
the public.
The design studio combines individual and group
instruction. All undertaken with the intention of fostering
critical thinking, spatial form-making skills, and tectonic
skills.

. Preface
1) Design studio
Education in the design studio values leadership skills,
individual creativity, and the understanding of problems
and the ability to solve them as presented in the practice of
architecture.
The School of Architectures mandate is for each student to
understand architecture as a creative, productive,
innovative, and responsible practice.

. Preface
2) Courses
In addition to the design studios, courses in design and
visualization, technology and practice, history and theory,
and urbanism and landscape serve as a basis for developing
a comprehensive approach to architectural design.

. Preface
3) Direct experience
Direct experience of contemporary and historical
architecture and urbanism as well as firsthand contact with
experts in various fields is an important part of the Schools
educational mission.
Incorporate both domestic and international travel as part
of their course work.

. Preface
3. Study Areas and Course Descriptions

1) Design and Visualization

This study area encompasses required studios,
advanced studios, and courses that concentrate on
design logic and skills and that support design
thinking and representation.

. Preface
1) Design and Visualization
Art
Basic Drawing
Color
Painting Basics
Introductory Graphic Design
Architectural Design
Drawing and Architectural Form

. Preface
2) Technology and Practice
This study area explores fundamental theories and
methods of building technologies and the
relationships among these technologies, architectural
design, and the larger natural environment. Courses
examine materials, construction, structural systems,
and the environmental technologies that provide
healthy, productive, sustainable, and comfortable
environments.

. Preface
2) Technology and Practice
Structures
Building Technology
Environmental Design
Systems Integration and Development in Design
Architectural Practice and Management

. Preface
3) History and Theory
This study area explores the relationship between
design, history, and theory through a broad range
of courses in which the analysis of buildings, cities,
landscapes, and texts supports the articulation and
criticism of fundamental concepts, methods, and
issues. Historical and contemporary projects and
writings are studied in context and as part of the
theoretical discourse of architecture.

. Preface
3) History and Theory
Architectural History & Theory
Architectural History & Theory
History of Hotel Architecture
Case Studies in Modern Architectural Criticism
Sustainability for Post-Humans: Architectural
Theories of the Environment
Spatial Concepts of Japan: Their Origins and
Development in Architecture and Urbanism

. Preface
4) Urbanism and landscape
In this study area, a broad range of courses explore
the aesthetic, economic, social, and political
influences on the spatial form of urban places and
the urban, suburban, and rural landscapes that
form our design ecology.

. Preface
4) Urbanism and landscape
Introduction to Urban Design
Introduction to Planning and Development

. Preface
Summary

1) Architecture educational objective in

Undergraduate
Architectural
language words programmers
3D+ proceeding
sketch site plan master plan first plan
2nd plan Typical Floor Plan, section, elevation,
detail
2) The jobs after graduation

. The New Design Guidance on Architecture

1. Market Forecast of Design
2. Market Competition

3. Investors
4. Social change & Needs
5. Innovation

1.Market Forecast of Design

China Architecture Design Industry Development
Situation and Trends Forecast
China are most often cited as countries in the midst of a
building frenzy, but forecasters predict a rapid building
boom throughout the next 10-20 years. Large scale retail,
commercial, and infrastructural projects are expected to
be particularly buoyant.
-by RMJM Chief Executive Peter Morrison

KEYWORD:

Urbanization, construction markets, rapid growth,

Quantity To Quality, Infrastructural projects, The Rules of
the Game

2. Market Competition
KEYWORD:

Employment white paper, Market Competition, Architectural

firms, Graduates from architecture schools, The number of
graduates

3. The investors
KEYWORD:

Urbanization, Globalization, Investor national education,

Tender, intellectual, high education qualification

4. Social change & Needs

KEYWORD:

urbanization rate, Intensiveness, intensive

management, consumer society, Birthrate .

Urbanization rates vary between countries. The U.S. and U.K have a
far higher urbanization level than China, India, Swaziland or Niger, but
a far slower annual urbanization rate, since much less of the
population is living in a rural area. China's urbanization rate will reach
48 percent in 2010, according to the Blue Book on Chinese Society
released by Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS). The country's
urbanization rate is expected to exceed the critical 50 percent mark in
2012 or 2013.

4. Social change & Needs

Intensive management

Effective and efficient management of a contract is critical to

its success. In addition, management methodology should be
based on a clear understanding of the clients requirements
and past experience .
Proactive management, direction, control, and motivation of
project personnel are the cornerstones of successful
management plans.

4. Social change & Needs

4.1 Legal obligations
4.2 Quality of Working Life
4.2.1 Building and Safety, disaster prevention and
mitigation
4.2.2 The Efficiency of various buildings
4.3 Lifestyle and population
4.3.1 densely populated environment
4.3.2 Ageing Society
4.4 Plural society
4.4.1 Individuation
4.4.2 public participation

4.1 legal

obligations

One of the focuses: Low-carbon economy, lower energy consumption

and reduce pollution discharge
4.1.1 Background
1 climatic change
Anthropogenic global warming, abnormal climate
2 The Allocation of Scarce Natural Resources
energy water
3 Social Responsibility
the Kyoto Protocol, Copenhagen climate change conference
2009
Primary energy consumption:
Industry, Transportation, Construction (including the Use of
building)

4.1 legal obligations

4.1.2 Buildings and Climate Change
Buildings alone are responsible for 38% of all human GHG
emissions (20% residential, 18% commercial). It is the
industrial sector which contributes the most to Climate
Change.
But according to the IPCC INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL
ON CLIMATE CHANGE , it is also the sector which
presents the most cost effective opportunities chance
for GHG reductions.
-by Wikipedia-Carbon neutral building

4.1 legal

obligations

4.1.3 Proposed changes in absolute emissions

Area
Norway
Japan

19902020

Reference base

30% to 40%

CO2e w/o LULUCF

25%

CO2e w/o LULUCF @ 20%

EU

20 to 30%

Russia

20 to 25%

South Africa

18%

Iceland

15%

CO2e w/- LULUCF

10 to 20%

CO2e w/- COP15 LULUCF

4 to 24%

CO2e w/o LULUCF

15 to 33%

CO2e w/- human LULUCF

United States

4%

CO2e w/o LULUCF

Canada

3%

CO2e (LULUCF undecided)

+5 to 1.8%

New Zealand
Australia

Brazil
Area
China

CO2e w/- LULUCF @ 30%

20052020
40 to 45% (per GDP)

20 to 25%
GDP) (LULUCF)
land use, India
land-use change
and(per
forestry

Reference base
CO2 emissions intensity
CO2e emissions intensity

4.1 legal obligations

4.1.4 People's Republic of China
To cut CO2 emissions intensity by 4045% below 2005
levels by 2020.
-- to cut carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by
40-45 percent by 2020 from the 2005 level;
-- to increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary
energy consumption to around 15 percent by 2020;
-- to increase forest coverage by 40 million hectares by
2020 from the 2005 level;
-- to increase forest stock volume by 1.3 billion cubic
meters by 2020 from the 2005 level.

4.1 legal obligations

4.1.5 Carbon neutrality & Carbon neutral building

Or having a net zero carbon footprint, refers to achieving net zero carbon
emissions by balancing a measured amount of carbon released with an
equivalent amount sequestered or offset, or buying enough carbon
credits to make up the difference.

USA - The National Association of Governors is the latest legislative

group to support the American Institute of Architects' goal of zeroing out

new and renovated buildings' greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.

UK - all newly-built houses will have to be operating as carbon neutral

by 2016. The Government plans, still at this stage a document for public
consultation, not yet a prosed bill or legislation, are called 'Building a
greener future: Towards Zero Carbon Development.

4.1 legal obligations

EU - For the built environment specifically, the 2008 budget set
out ambitions for zero carbon targets for new building projects
homes are to be zero carbon by 2016, schools and central
government estate by 2018 and all non-domestic buildings by
2019.
Japan
1 Promote the minimization of CO2e(emissions) from buildings
during the next 10 to 20 years through the carbon-neutralization
of new construction.
2 Promote the carbon-neutralization of all building-related
sector, including existing buildings, by the year 2050
3 Promote carbon-neutralization of the surrounding city/region
and society

4.1 legal obligations

4.1.6 Questions
What is Carbon neutral building?
What is Sustainable architecture

Building Integrated PV
(Photovoltaic)

a prefabricated structure for an ecologically-sensitive site

4.2 Quality of Working Life

4.2.1 Building and Safety, disaster prevention and mitigation
Peoples behaviour in emergency evacuation situations & the
design of buildings
1) How do members of the public and emergency service personnel
think, feel and behave when faced with an emergency in the buildings?
2) Does this behaviour vary across ages, gender etc. in the buildings?
3) What type of procedures and communications take place to help
people evacuate to safety when an emergency occurs in the buildings?

4.2 Quality of Working Life

4.2.2 The Efficiency of various buildings
People Flow & Action Analysis in the design of buildings
-Optimization of the building layout.
- Evaluating your design concept and/or campaign result.
- Efficiency evaluation of shops, service counters, and commercial
complexes.
Multi -Agent Modeling Simulation

4.3 lifestyle and population

4.3.1 Densely Populated Environment &
Building Design
4.3.2 Ageing Society & Nursing Home

A nursing home, convalescent home a place where

people stay when they need care from doctors and
nurses, but are not sick enough to be in a hospital ,
Skilled Nursing Unit (SNU), care home or rest home
provides a type of care of residents: it is a place of
residence for people who require constant nursing care
and have significant deficiencies with activities of daily
living.

4.4 Plural Society

4.4.1 Individuation
4.4.2 Public Participation

5. Innovation
How do we successfully innovate?!
TO

Subject Areas In our Institute

. Subject Areas In our Institute

1. Carbon neutral / Sustainable architecture
2. The History of Modern Architecture in Asia

3. Building and Safety

4. COMMERCIAL BUILDING DESIGN
& COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
5. Others

1, Carbon neutral / Sustainable architecture

What Are Carbon Neutral Buildings?
Carbon neutral buildings are a sub-category [ktiri] of
low-carbon buildings. Carbon neutral [nju:trl] buildings
are buildings which through a series of processes detailed
in this article achieve net-zero GHG(greenhouse gas)
emissions during their lifetime.
Carbon Neutral Buildings Technology
Buildings release [r'lis] GHG in the atmosphere during:
Construction (incl. renovation and deconstruction) & Operation
A) Construction
GHG emissions associated with buildings construction are mainly
coming from:

1, Carbon neutral / Sustainable architecture

1, Materials manufacturing (e.g., concrete)

2, Materials transport
3, Demolition [demln](an event that completely destroys something )
wastes transport
4, Demolition wastes treatment
The construction, renovation [renvein] , and
deconstruction of a typical building are on
average responsible for the emissions of 1,0001,500 kgCO2e/m2 (around 500 kgCO2e/m2 for
construction only).

1, Carbon neutral / Sustainable architecture

Strategies [strtidi](a planned series of actions for achieving something)
adopted by carbon-neutral buildings to reduce GHG
emissions during construction include:
1, Reduce quantity of materials used
2, Select materials with low emissions factors associated
(e.g., recycled materials)
3, Select materials suppliers as close as possible from the
construction site to reduce transport distances
4, Divert [daiv:t] demolition wastes to recycling instead of
landfills or incineration [nsnren](ashes)

1, Carbon neutral / Sustainable architecture

Operation
GHG emissions associated with buildings operation are mainly
coming from:
1, Electricity consumption [knsmpn]
2, Consumption of fossil fuels on-site for the production of
electricity, hot water, heat, etc.
3, On-site waste water treatment
4, On-site solid wastes treatment
5, Industrial processes housed in the buildings
Fossil fuels include for example: natural gas, propane
(C3H8 ), etc.

[prupein]

1, Carbon neutral / Sustainable architecture

Guiding Principles for Sustainable Existing Buildings:
I.

Employ
[impli]
Integrated
Assessment,
Operation, and Management Principles
II. Optimize [ptmaz](use best) Energy Performance
III. Protect and Conserve [kns:v] Water
IV. Enhance [inh:ns] to improve something
Indoor Environmental Quality
V. Reduce Environmental Impact of Materials

2. The History of Modern Architecture in Asia

Modern Asia has not developed in a vacuum [vkjum](a
region empty of matter) but has evolved [ivlv](develop) through
sustained interactions [ntrkn]( inter+action) with the
West, which has had a constant [knstnt](continually)
presence [prezns](existence) in our collective [klektiv]( members
of a cooperative enterprise) consciousness [knsns](knowledge).
This shared experience of the world unites us as Asians.
The history of dealing [di:l] with the West, with our
neighbors and with ourselves, is manifested
[mnifest](Clearly apparent to the sight or understanding) in the myriad
[mirid]( a large indefinite number) forms of our architecture.
The history of modern architecture in Asia is the history
of how Asians have become modern.

2. The History of Modern Architecture in Asia

Modern architecture in Asia testifies [testifai] to the
creativity (the ability to use your imagination to produce new ideas) of our
past generations and is the vital [vaitl] (Necessary to continued
existence or effectiveness) foundation of our future.
Conserving [kns:v] (To protect from loss or harm) these
irreplaceable [iripleisbl] (Impossible to replace) modern
buildings and landscapes will ensure that they continue to
have a meaningful [mi:nfl](a meaning or purpose) presence in
our everyday lives.

3. Building and Safety

?

4. COMMERCIAL BUILDING DESIGN

& COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT

5. Others
Aging Society and Nursing Home (Skilled Nursing Unit)