SOURCES OF ERRORS

Sources of Error Associated with

Sampling
Types of Survey Error due to
sampling

Coverage Error
Non-response Error
Sampling Error

Sources of Error Associated with

Sampling
Coverage Errors
Errors that results from differences
between the sampling frame and the
target population

Sources of Error Associated with

Sampling
Coverage Errors
People are typically left out, if samples are drawn
from phone books, car registrations, etc
Unlisted Phone Numbers one of the greatest
potentials for coverage error
Pollsters use random digit dial to avoid
unlisted numbers
Random-digit dialing
A method for selecting participants in a
telephone survey that involves randomly
generating telephone numbers

Sources of Error Associated with

Sampling
Coverage Errors
Parameter
A summary of a variable characteristic in a
population

Sources of Error Associated with

Sampling
Coverage Errors
Statistic
A summary of a variable in a sample

Sources of Error Associated with

Sampling
Non-response Error
Errors that result from differences
between non-responders and
responders to a survey

Sources of Error Associated with

Sampling
Sampling Error
Any difference between the
characteristics of a sample and the
characteristics of the population from
which the sample is drawn

Sources of Error Associated with

Sampling
Sampling Error
Sampling Variability

The variability in sample statistics

that occurs when different samples
are drawn from the same
population

Sources of Error Associated with

Sampling
Margin of error
Suggestion of how far away the
actual population parameter is
likely to be from the statistic

DATA
PRESENTATION

Three Modes of
Presentation

Textual Mode
Tabular Mode
Graphical Mode

Textual Mode
It embraces the discussion

and analysis of data.

Tabular Mode
It is used to present,

through tables, the data

of the study.

Graphical Mode
It is used to present through graphs,

charts, and other devices, clarifies further

in a more vivid fashion certain facts,
trends, and relationships in cases where
tables can not show various shades of
meanings.
It involves not only the presentation of data
but also the discussion and analysis, and
eventually the synthesis of such data.

 Data Presentation should be clear

and scholarly done and may come in

the form of tables, figures and charts.
Analysis refers to the skill of the
researcher in describing, delineating
similarities and differences,
highlighting the significant findings or
data and ability to extract information
or messages out of the presented
data.