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Memory
Place to store information, as in: How much
Memory stores
Sensory Memory
Short-Term
Memory
Long-Term
Memory
Capacity
Very large
72 items
Infinite
Duration
Very short
(Fraction of
second)
Short (Fraction
Indefinite
of minute)
Format
(Coding)
Direct
representation of
sensual
experience as
action potentials
Spoken
language
format
Semantic
(meaningful)
format
Processes
Attention
Chunking
Rehearsal
Encoding
Retrieval
Description
Example
Encoding
Failure
Decay
Information encoded in
LTM, but decays over time
with lack of use.
However, some memories
never decay, even though
they are not frequently used.
Decay can be explained by
interference.
Interference
Repression
Description
Information encoded in
LTM, but cannot be retrieved
because newer
information interferes.
Can be thought of as
retrieval error.
Accounts for Ebbinghauss
findings, without memories
decaying.
According to Freud, painful
memories can be pushed
below level of consciousness.
Very controversial topic;
many psychologists now
argue that repression does not
occur.
Example
Types of LTM
declarative
facts and events
conscious recollection
easy come easy go
procedural
short-term memory
temporary,
limited capacity,
needs rehearsal (e.g. telephone number)
long-term memory
'permanent'
greater capacity
no continual rehearsal needed
Memory
Thompson
many structures involved in memory formation;
memory depends on many mechanisms;
classical conditioning of eyelid responses in rabbit response
occurs in cerebellum - lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP)
Associative mechanisms:
classical conditioning
pairing of 2 stimuli changes the response to one of them (Pavlov)
conditioned stimulus (CS) - originally neutral (no response)
unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - automatically evokes
response unconditioned response (UCR)
Physiology of Memory
Types of amnesia
1. Retrograde amnesia
Physiology of Memory
Types of amnesia
2. Anterograde amnesia
Hippocampus
Thought to play a role in encoding information
H. M. - removal of hippocampus:
Retrograde amnesia (loss of memory for events occurring
shortly before brain damage)
intact short-term/working memory
acute anterograde amnesia (declarative memory) (loss of
memory for events happening after the brain damage)
intact procedural memory
better implicit than explicit memory
and
delayed
nonmatching-to-
configural learning
the meaning of the stimulus depends on what other stimuli are
paired with it, e.g. A + food; B + food; AB + no food
hippocampus is involved in nonconfigural learning if its
sufficiently difficult
binding memories
input from many parts of cortex (secondary and tertiary areas)