Shear Stresses in Beams PowerPoint Slides

EN2701 Mechanics of Solids
Shear Stresses in Beams

Introduction
The Shear Formula
Shear Stresses in Rectangular Beams
Worked Example 1
Shear Stresses in Wide-Flange (I) Beams

Limitations in the Use of the Shear Formula
Worked Example 2
Shear Stresses in Circular Beams

Shear Stresses in Built-Up Beams
Worked Example 3
School of Engineering, RGU

Slide 2 of 60
Shear Stresses in Beams - Intro

Beams generally support both shear and moment loadings.
Normal or bending stresses, , associated with bending
moments are found from the bending equation:
M E

I y R
When beam is subjected to non-uniform bending
in every case except when bending moment, M, constant along
length of uniform beam
both bending moments, M, and shear forces, V, act on CSA

remember shear force and bending moment diagrams from level 1
Shear force, V, is result of transverse shear stress distribution

that acts over beams cross-section.
Relationship needed to allow distribution of shear stresses, ,
associated with shear force to be determined.

Slide 3 of 60

Complementary property of shear.
Results in associated longitudinal shear stresses act along
longitudinal planes of beam.
Element of material from interior of beam will be subjected to
both transverse and longitudinal shear stress.


Slide 4 of 60

Existence of longitudinal shear stresses illustrated by
considering beam made up of two boards.
If top and bottom surfaces of boards are smooth and not
bonded together then application of a load will cause boards to
slide relative to each other.
Each board will be in compression above its neutral axis and in
tension below its neutral axis.
Lower longitudinal fibres of
upper board will slide
relative to upper
longitudinal fibres of lower
board.


Slide 5 of 60

If boards are bonded together to make a solid beam,
longitudinal shear stresses exist which prevent relative sliding.
Also longitudinal shear stresses at free surfaces on top and

bottom of beam will not exist.
Due to complementary nature, transverse shear at free surface
will also be zero.


Slide 6 of 60
The Shear Formula

Formula for shear stress is developed indirectly using:
bending equation,
relationship between bending and shear (V = dM/dx),
consideration of longitudinal shear stress.
Consider an element of length dx cut from a beam.
FBD shows shear forces V and bending moments M and
(M + dM) acting on element.
dx
M + dM
V
dx


Slide 7 of 60
The Shear Formula

Then consider top segment of
element that has been
sectioned at a distance of y
from the neutral axis.
Segment has a CSA of A and
a width of t at section.

A
y

Slide 8 of 60
The Shear Formula

Now consider horizontal
stresses acting on segment.
Linearly varying normal
stresses and due to M
and (M + dM)
Shear stress acting on
bottom surface.
Considering force equilibrium
of segment:
' dA dA (t dx) 0
A'
A'
M + dM
dx
----[1]
shear stress acts over an area t dx

assuming is constant through thickness t


Slide 9 of 60
The Shear Formula

From bending equation:
My
and
M dM y
'
I
Substituting into equation [1]:
M dM
M
y
dA
A ' I
A ' I y dA (t dx) 0
Expand first term:
M
dM
M
A ' I y dA A ' I y dA A ' I y dA (t dx) 0
dM
A ' I y dA (t dx) 0


Slide 10 of 60
The Shear Formula

dM
y dA (t dx )
Therefore:
A
'
I
1 dM
y dA
Rearranging to obtain :
A
'
It dx
Simplified further:
dM
dx
y dA = first moment of area A about neutral axis = Q

A'
Hence:

VQ
It
Equation known as
the Shear Formula

Slide 11 of 60
The Shear Formula

Derivation considered shear stresses acting on beams
longitudinal plane.
Because of complementary nature of shear also used to find
transverse shear stress on beams CSA.
As derivation used bending equation shear formula only valid if:
material behaves in a linear-elastic manner,
material is homogeneous and isotropic,
material has same Youngs modulus in tension and compression.


Slide 12 of 60
The Shear Formula
VQ
It
= shear stress at distance y from neutral axis.

Assumed constant across width, t, of beam.
V = internal resultant shear force, determined from sectioning
beam and considering equilibrium.
I = 2nd moment of area of entire CSA about neutral axis.
t = width of beam, at position where to be determined.
Q = 1st moment of area of top (or bottom) portion of CSA,
defined from section where t is measured.
Q calculated using Q y' A '
A = area of top (or bottom) portion of CSA, defined from section
where t is measured
y' = distance to centroid of A measured from neutral axis.


Slide 13 of 60

Consider a beam with rectangular
cross-section.
width = b and height = h.
V
Distribution of shear stress
throughout cross-section found by
determining shear stress at
arbitrary distance y from neutral
axis.


Slide 14 of 60

First step is to calculate Q
1st moment of area of A
about neutral axis.
Q y A'
A
y
y
2
A' b
1 h
y y y
2 2
1 h
h
Q y y b y
2 2
2
h
2
h
2
b
1 h2
2
Q
y b
2 4


Slide 15 of 60

Second step, calculate I.
For rectangular beam of width
b and height h, I, about
neutral axis is:
A
y
bh3
I
12
h
2
h
2
Applying shear formula:
VQ
It
1 h
y 2 b
2 4

bh3
b
12
6V
3
bh
h2
4 y

Slide 16 of 60

6V
3
bh
h2
4 y
Shows shear stress distribution

over cross section is parabolic.
Intensity varies from 0 at top
and bottom where y = h/2.
h
2
h
2
To maximum at neutral axis

where y = 0.


Slide 17 of 60

To calculate maximum value:
max
6V
bh3
max
h2
4 0
3V
2 bh
Remember area of total cross

section, A = bh
max
h
2
h
2
3V
2A
Max shear stress is 1.5 times

average value calculated from
simple formula = V/A

Slide 18 of 60
Worked Example 1
Beam shown made of wood.
Subjected to resultant internal
vertical shear force, V = 30
kN.
Dimensions in mm.
20
50
P
V
(a)Determine shear stress in

beam at point P.
(b) Calculate maximum shear
stress in the beam.

40
15

Slide 19 of 60
Worked Example 1 - Solution

(a) First calculate section
properties I and Q.
Remember I is for whole section.
bh3
I
12
0.04 0.05
I
12
40
25
N .A .
25
I 416.7 10 9 m4


Slide 20 of 60

Q is first moment of area of
shaded area.
Shaded area is area above P.
A ' 0.04 0.02 800 10 6 m 2

y is distance from neutral axis
to centroid of area.
y 0.005 0.01 0.015 m
40
25
20
A
P
y
y = 15
N .A .
25
Q y A' 0.015 800 10 6

Q 12 10 6 m3


Slide 21 of 60

Width of the section (t) at P is
40 mm.
VQ
P
It
40
25
P 21.6 10 Pa
A
P
y
30 103 12 10 6
P
416.7 10 9 0.04
6
20
y = 15
N .A .
25
P 21.6 MPa


Slide 22 of 60

(b) Shear stress is maximum at
neutral axis.
Consider area of beam above
neutral axis:
40
25
y = 1 2 .5
A ' 0.04 0.025 1 10 3 m 2

y 0.0125 m
Q y A' 0.0125 1 10
N .A .
3
25
Q 12.5 10 6 m3


Slide 23 of 60

I and t are as before.
40

max
VQ 30 10 12.5 10
It
416.7 10 9 0.04
25
A
y = 1 2 .5
N .A .
max 22.5 10 Pa
25
max 22.5 MPa

Max shear stress can also be calculated from:
max
3V 3
30 10 3

22.5 10 6 Pa
2 A 2 0.04 0.05


Slide 24 of 60
Tutorial Questions
You can now attempt Q 1 - 4 on the tutorial sheet.
Ask if you need help.
Help each other!


Slide 25 of 60
Shear Stresses in Wide Flange (I) Beams

Wide-flange beam (or I-beam)
consists of two (wide)
flanges and a web.
When subjected to shear force
V, shear stresses developed
throughout cross-section.
fla n g e s
w eb
Distribution of stresses much more complicated than in

rectangular beam.
Possible to determine stresses using same techniques as for
rectangular beams


Slide 26 of 60

As with rectangular beam, shear stress varies parabolically over
depth.
fla n g e
w eb
p a r a b o la
fla n g e
For flanges thickness, t, in shear formula is width of flange.

For web, thickness, t, is thickness of web.
Shear stresses in flanges small compared to those in web.
Variation of shear stress over depth of web is small.


Slide 27 of 60

Most of vertical shear
force is carried by web.
Maximum shear stress
often approximated by
dividing shear force V by
area of web:
avg
f la n g e
w eb
avg
p a r a b o la
fla n g e
A web


Slide 28 of 60
Limitations in Use of Shear Formula

One assumption used in derivation
of shear formula is shear stress is
uniformly distributed over width, t.
Accuracy tested by comparing
results with more rigorous
mathematical analysis based on
theory of elasticity.
If beams cross-section is
rectangular, shear stress
distribution calculated from theory
is shown:
Maximum value, max, occurs at
edges of cross-section.
Magnitude depends on ratio b/h
(width/depth).

N
m
ax
ax

Slide 29 of 60

b = 0 .5 h
For sections having a b/h ratio of

0.5, max only about 3% greater
than calculated from shear
formula.
For flat sections with b/h = 2,
max is ~ 40% greater than max.
N
m
Error even greater as b/h ratio

increases.
ax
b = 2h
For flanges of wide-flange beams

a realistic value of shear stress is
not even approximated.
N
m

ax
ax
ax

Slide 30 of 60

Will not give accurate results for shear
stress at flange/web junction of Ibeam.
Inner regions of flanges are free
boundaries and shear stresses must be
zero.
Using shear formula a non-zero value is
found.
Limitations for flanges of I-beams not
important in engineering practice.
Often, engineers only calculate
maximum shear stress.
This occurs at neutral axis, where b/h
ratio is very small.
Calculated result very close to actual
maximum shear stress.

Slide 31 of 60
Worked Example 2
Steel wide-flange beam
has dimensions shown.
Subjected to shear
force
V = 80 kN.
Plot shear stress
distribution acting over
beams cross-sectional
area.

300 m m
20 m m
15 m m
200 m m
20 m m

Slide 32 of 60

B
B
B
Shear stress
distribution will be
parabolic and have
form shown.
Due to symmetry,
only shear stresses at
points B, B and C
needed.
Second moment of
area, I, will be same
for each position.

C
C

Slide 33 of 60

For flanged cross section I is
found in one of two ways:
300 m m
1. Calculate I for large rectangle
240 m m
0.3 0.24
I
12


Slide 34 of 60

For flanged cross section I is
found in one of two ways:
300 m m
20 m m
1 4 2 .5 m m
1. Calculate I for large rectangle

and subtract I for 2 small
rectangles.
0.3 0.24
I
12
0.1425 0.2
2
12
1 4 2 .5 m m
15 m m
200 m m
20 m m
I = 155.6 x 10-6 m4


Slide 35 of 60

2. Calculate I for all 3 rectangles
and use parallel axis theorem.
I for flanges must be moved
so that neutral axes coincide.
300 m m
20 m m
k
15 m m
200 m m
bh3
bh3
2
I
2
Ak
12
12
20 m m
0.3 0.02
0.015 0.2
2
I
2
0.3 0.02 0.11
12
12
I = 155.6 x 10-6 m4


Slide 36 of 60

Stress at point B:
tB = 0.3 m
A = area of flange
QB' y A' 0.11 0.3 0.02
QB' 0.66 10 3 m3
B'
300 m m
20 m m
A
y = 11 0 m m
N
100 m m
VQ 80 103 0.66 10 3
It
155.6 10 6 0.3
B' 1.13 MPa


Slide 37 of 60

Stress at point B:
tB = 0.015 m
QB = QB
VQ 80 103 0.66 10 3
B
It
155.6 10 6 0.015
300 m m
20 m m
A
y = 11 0 m m
N
100 m m
B 22.6 MPa


Slide 38 of 60

Stress at point C:
tC = 0.015 m
A = area of section above
neutral axis.
Q for this area is simply
sum of Qs for 2 rectangles
that make up shape.
QC = Q1 + Q2
300 m m
A 1
y1
20 m m
A 2
15 m m
y2
N
100 m m
QC y1 A1 y2 A2
QC = (0.11 x 0.3 x 0.02) + (0.05 x 0.015 x 0.1)

QC = 0.735 x 10-3 m3
VQ 80 10 3 0.735 10 3
C
25.2 MPa
6
It
155.6 10 0.015

Slide 39 of 60

B
B = 1.13 MPa

2 2 .6
B
2 5 .2
B = 22.6 MPa
C = 25.2 MPa
1 .1 3

Slide 40 of 60
Tutorial Questions
Help each other!


Slide 41 of 60

This type of beam important in
the transmission of power.
E.g. bending and shearing loads
are induced in shafts by forces at
gears, bearings and pulleys.
Consider beam with solid circular
cross-section subjected to shear
load V.
According to shear formula a
shear force, V, causes a shear
stress, , in same direction as V.


Slide 42 of 60

At point P this stress can be
resolved into two components
normal (n) and tangential (t) to
surface.
Outside surface of shaft is free
surface and so n must be zero.
Indicates shear stress at point P

must be tangential to surface and
not in direction of shear force.
At neutral axis shear stress will be
in direction of shear force
Shear formula can be used.
Also position of maximum shear
stress.


Slide 43 of 60

VQ
It
For a semi-circle:
max
d2
A'
8
and
2d
3
d2 2d d3
Q y A'
8 3 12
N .A .
m ax
d4
For circular cross-section: I
64
Therefore: max
V d3 / 12
V/3
V/3
4
2
d d / 64 d / 16 A / 4

max
4V
3A

Slide 44 of 60

Fabricated from two or more pieces of material joined together
to form single, solid beam.
Constructed in a great variety of shapes to meet special needs
or to provide larger cross-sections that are ordinarily available.
Wooden box beam
constructed of two planks,
as flanges, connected by
plywood webs.
Pieces joined together with
nails, screws or glue.

fla n g e
web

Slide 45 of 60

Glued, laminated beam known
as glulam beam.
Boards glued together to form
much larger beam than could
be cut from solid piece of
timber.
Welded steel plate girder,
fabricated from three steel
plates welded together.
Wide flange beam
strengthened by riveting
channel section to each flange.


Slide 46 of 60

Design must ensure that entire cross-section acts as a single,
solid unit.
Calculations involve two phases:
1. beam analysed as if it was solid cross-section, taking into
account both bending and shear stresses;
2. connecting elements (nails, bolts, glue, welds) analysed to
ensure they are strong enough and suitably positioned.


Slide 47 of 60

Loads carried by connecting elements are longitudinal shear
forces transmitted between parts of beam.
Loading usually measured as force per unit length of beam.
Referred to as shear flow, q.
Along any longitudinal section of a beam q obtained using
similar method to that for shear formula.
Results in equation:

VQ
q
I

Slide 48 of 60

VQ
q
I
q = shear flow, measured as force per unit length along beam.
V = internal resultant shear force, determined from sectioning
beam and equilibrium.
I = 2nd moment of area of entire cross-sectional about neutral
axis.
Q = 1st moment of area of top (or bottom) portion of crosssectional area, defined from section where shear flow to be
calculated.


Slide 49 of 60

Application of shear flow formula follows same procedure as for
shear stress formula.
Very important to identify correct value for Q when
determining shear flow at particular joint in cross-section.
Required value of Q calculated from shaded sections.
Note shear flow will be resisted by
(a )
single row of fasteners in (a) and (b)

two rows of fasteners in (c) and (d)
three rows of fasteners in (e)
(b )

(c )
(d )
(e )

Slide 50 of 60
Worked Example 3
Wood box beam - 2 boards as flanges and 2 webs of plywood.

Each board = 40 mm x 180 mm. Plywood = 15 mm thick.
Total height of beam = 280 mm.
Plywood fastened to flanges by screws having allowable load in
shear of 1100 N per screw.
If shear force acting on cross-section is 10.5 kN, determine
maximum permissible longitudinal spacing, s, of screws.
15
180
15
40
280
40


Slide 51 of 60

Shear force transmitted between one of flanges and two webs
found from shear flow formula:
VQ
Q for top flange (shaded):

y 0.12 m
A = 0.18 x 0.04 = 7.2 x 10-3 m2
Q = 0.12 x 7.2 x 10-3
Q = 864 x 10-6 m3
bh3 0.21 0.28

0.18 0.2
I
12
12
12
I 264.2 10 6 m4
3

15
180
40
140
15
A

Slide 52 of 60

VQ 10.5 10 3 864 10 6
q
I
264.2 10 6
q = 34.3 kN/m
Shear flow per metre of length that must be carried by screws.
If screws are spaced a distance s apart load capacity of screws
is:
2F
s
F = load carried by one screw
2 because there are two lines of screws


Slide 53 of 60

Equating load capacity of screws to shear flow:
2F
q
s
Rearranging:
2F
2 1100
0.0641 m
3
q 34.3 10
s = 64.1 mm
Therefore lines of screws must be no more than 64.1 mm apart.


Slide 54 of 60
Tutorial Questions
Help each other!


Slide 55 of 61
Summary


Slide 56 of 61
Summary: Worked Example 4

(combined loading)
Two forces P=18 kN and F=1 5kN are applied to the shaft with a radius of
R=20 mm as shown. Determine the maximum normal and shear stresses
developed in the shaft.


Slide 57 of 61
Worked Example 4 - Solutions

(combined loading)
Two forces P=18 kN and F=1 5kN are applied to the shaft with a radius of
R=20 mm as shown. Determine the maximum normal and shear stresses
developed in the shaft.


Slide 58 of 61

(combined loading)


Slide 59 of 61

(combined loading)


Slide 60 of 61

(combined loading)


Slide 61 of 61

Shear Stresses in Beams PowerPoint Slides

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Shear Stresses in Beams PowerPoint Slides

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

EN2701 Mechanics of Solids

Shear Stresses in Beams

Shear Stresses in Beams

Shear Stresses in Wide-Flange (I) Beams

Shear Stresses in Circular Beams

School of Engineering, RGU

Shear Stresses in Beams - Intro

both bending moments, M, and shear forces, V, act on CSA

Shear force, V, is result of transverse shear stress distribution

School of Engineering, RGU

Shear Stresses in Beams - Intro

Shear Stresses in Beams

School of Engineering, RGU

Shear Stresses in Beams - Intro

Shear Stresses in Beams

School of Engineering, RGU

Shear Stresses in Beams - Intro

Also longitudinal shear stresses at free surfaces on top and

Shear Stresses in Beams

School of Engineering, RGU

The Shear Formula

Shear Stresses in Beams

School of Engineering, RGU

The Shear Formula

Shear Stresses in Beams

School of Engineering, RGU

The Shear Formula

shear stress acts over an area t dx

Shear Stresses in Beams

School of Engineering, RGU

The Shear Formula

Substituting into equation [1]:

Shear Stresses in Beams

School of Engineering, RGU

The Shear Formula

y dA = first moment of area A about neutral axis = Q

Shear Stresses in Beams

School of Engineering, RGU

The Shear Formula

Shear Stresses in Beams

School of Engineering, RGU

The Shear Formula

= shear stress at distance y from neutral axis.

Shear Stresses in Beams

School of Engineering, RGU

Shear Stresses in Rectangular Beams

Shear Stresses in Beams

School of Engineering, RGU

Shear Stresses in Rectangular Beams

Shear Stresses in Beams

School of Engineering, RGU

Shear Stresses in Rectangular Beams

Applying shear formula:

Shear Stresses in Beams

School of Engineering, RGU

Shear Stresses in Rectangular Beams

Shows shear stress distribution

To maximum at neutral axis

Shear Stresses in Beams

School of Engineering, RGU

Shear Stresses in Rectangular Beams

Remember area of total cross

Max shear stress is 1.5 times