DATABASE LANGUAGE

For supporting variety of users, a DBMS

must provide appropriate languages and
interfaces for each category of users to
express database queries and updates.
Once the design of the database is
complete and a DBMS is chosen to
implement the database, it is important to
first specify the conceptual and internal
schemas for the database and the
mappings between the two.

Following languages are used to specify

database schemas:
1) Data Definition Language (DDL)
2) Storage Definition Language(SDL)
3) View Definition Language(VDL)
4) Data Manipulation Language(DML)
5) Fourth-generation Language(4GL)

SQL = DDL+VDL+DML

DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE:IT IS ALSO CALLED AS Data Description

Language.
It is a special language used to specify a
database conceptual schema using set of
definitions.
It supports the definition or declaration of
database objects (or data elements).

It allows the DBA or user to describe and

name
the
entities,
attributes
and
relationships required for the application,
together with any associated integrity and
security constraints.
Theoretically different DDLs are defined
for each schema in the three-level schemaarchitecture.

Various techniques are available for writing

data definition language
One widely used technique is writing DDL
into a text file.
Other methods use DDL Compiler or
interpreter to process the DDL file or
statements.
The result of the compilation of DDL
Statements is a set of tables stored in
specific file collectively called the system
log or data dictionary.

E.g.
CREATE TABLE PRODUCT
(PROD-ID CHAR(6),
PROD-DESC CHAR(20),
UNIT-COST NUMERIC(4));

E.g.
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER
(CUST-ID CHAR(4),
CUST-NAME CHAR(20),
CUST-STREET CHAR(25),
CUST-CITY CHAR(15),
CUST-BAL NUMERIC(10));

E.g.
CREATE TABLE SALES
(CUST-ID CHAR(4),
PROD-ID CHAR(6),
PROD-QTY NUMERIC(3));

The execution of above DDL Statements will

create PRODUCT, CUSTOMER, AND SALES
tables, as shown in the following diagrams
(a), (b), & (c).
Diagram (a):-

PRODUCT
PROD-ID

PROD-DESC

UNIT-COST

Diagram (b):-

CUSTOMER
CUST-ID CUSTNAME

CUSTSTREET

CUSTCITY

CUSTBAL

Diagram (c):-

SALES
CUST-ID

PROD-ID

PRODQTY

PRODPRICE

Data Storage
(DSDL):-

Definition

Language

It is used to specify the internal schema in

the database.
The mappings between the conceptual
schema (a specified by DDL) and the
internal schema(as specified by DSDL) may
be specified in either on of these languages.

VIEW DEFINITION LANGUAGE(VDL):It is used to specify users view (external

Schema) and their mappings to the
conceptual schema.
In most DBMSs, DDL is used to specify
both conceptual and external schemas.
There are two views of data.
1) Logical View(Programmer)
2) Physical View(that way that data
is actually stored on disk).

DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE(DML):It is a mechanism that provides a set of

operations to support the basic data
manipulation operations on the data held in
the database.
It helps in communicating with DBMS.
Data Manipulation applies to all the three
(conceptual, internal, and external) levels of
schema.
The part of DML that provides retrieval is
called query language.

The DML provides following functional access

(or manipulation operations) to the
database.
1)
Retrieve data and/or records from
database files.
2) Delete records from database files.
3) Retrieve records sequentially in the key
sequence.
4)
Retrieve records in the physically
recorded sequence.

5) Rewrite records that have been

updated.
6) Modify data and/or record in the
database files.

PRODUCT
PRODUCT-ID

PRODUCT-DESC

UNIT-COST

A12345

STEEL ALMIRAH

4000

B23412

DRYER

4500

B44332

FREEZE

6000

A98765

STEEL TABLE

3500

A29834

STEEL CHAIR

4800

C11008

IRON MOULDING

5100

CUSTOMER
CUSTID

CUSTNAME

1001

CUSTSTREET

CUSTCITY

CUSTBAL

Waterhous Box 41,

e ltd.
Mumbai

Mumbai

65000.
00

1000

KLY
System

Chicago

40000.
00

1005

Megapoint C-12, Pataya,

s
Goa

Goa

84000.
00

1010

Concept
Shapers

32, Main
Road, Ranchi

Mumbai

10500.
00

1006

Trinity
Agencies

P.O.Box 266,
Tokyo

Delhi

11200.
00

41, 1st street,

Chicago

SALES
CUST-ID

PROD-ID

QTY

UNITPRICE

1001

A12345

100

6,700

1000

B23412

250

4,000

1010

B44332

120

14,000

1005

A98765

110

5,500

1001

A29834

300

12,999

E.g.
SELECT
FROM
WHERE

PRODUCT.PROD-DESC
PRODUCT
PROD-ID=B4432;

OUTPUT IS
B44332

FREEZE

E.g.
SELECT
FROM
WHERE

CUSTOMER.CUST-ID,
CUSTOMER.CUST-NAME
CUSTOMER
CUST-CITY =Mumbai;

OUTPUT IS
1001

Waterhouse Ltd.

1010

Concept Shapers

E.g.
SELECT

CUSTOMER.CUST-NAME
CUSTOMER.CUST-BAL
FROM
SALES.PROD-ID
WHERE
SALES.PROD-ID=B23421
AND
CUSTOMER.CUSTID=SALES.CUST-ID;
OUTPUT IS
KLY System

40000.00

There are two ways of accessing

retrieving) data from the database.

(or

1)
Procedural DML (or Embedded
Statements)
2) Non-procedural DML (or declarative
language).

Fourth-Generation Language (4GL):It is a compact, efficient and nonprocedural programming language that
is used to improve the productivity of
the DBMS.
In 4GL, the user defines what is to
be done and not how it is to be done.
The 4GL depends on higher-level
4GL tools.

The 4GL has the following components

inbuilt in it.
Query Languages
Report generators
Spreadsheets
Application generators
High-level
languages
application program.

to

generate

SQL and QBE are the examples of fourthgeneration language.