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COTTER & KNUCKLE

JOINTS

COTTER JOINT A cotter is a flat wedge shaped


piece of steel of rectangular cross
section used to connect rigidly two
rods
subjected
to
tensile
or
compressive forces.
The cotter is inserted at right angles
to the axes of the two rods.
One edge of the cotter is straight
and the other edge is tapered (1 in
30) to facilitate its driving into
position & withdrawal.
A joint formed by using a cotter is
called a cotter joint.
2

Applications of cotter joint

INTRODUCTION

To connect the piston rod to the cross head of a


steam engine.
In the strap end of a steam engine connecting rod,
etc.
Merits of cotter joint
It can be assembled & disassembled quickly.
The parts always occupy exactly the same relative
positions on reassembly.
Demerits of cotter joint
Weakening of main parts due to holes for cotters.
Need for locking devices. (set screws in case taper is
more than 1 in 30)
3

Types of cotter joint

INTRODUCTION
(i)Socket & Spigot cotter joint
(ii)Sleeve & cotter joint
(iii)Gib & cotter joint.
In the scope of the syllabus, we discuss the
design of Socket & Spigot cotter joint only.

Socket &
Spigot
Cotter Joint

This type of joint is used to


connect two circular rods.
The end of one of the rods
is formed into the shape of
a socket & the other end
called

spigot

with

an

integral collar.
The socket receives the
spigot

&

the

cotter

is

driven through the slots


provided in both of them.
5

Sleeve &
Cotter Joint

In this type, the ends of


the two rods are inserted
from opposite sides is a
cylindrical steel sleeve.
Cotters

are

inserted

through the slots.


Each cotter bears on the
rod & the sleeve on the
opposite
leaving
clearances.

sides,

thus

necessary
6

Gib &
Cotter Joint

This type of cotter joint is

used to connect

rods of

rectangular section.
A gib is used along with the

cotter
bearing
cotter

to

provide

surface
to

slide

larger

for

the

on

and

prevents loosening of the


joint.
The gib also holds the straps

firmly on either side and


prevents their opening out.
7

SOCKET & SPIGOT COTTER


JOINT
Fig 4.4, Page 58,
Mahadevan DDHB

DESIGN OF SOCKET & SPIGOT COTTER JOINT


(Page No 56 & 210, Fig 4.4, Page 58, Mahadevan DDHB )

TERMINOLOGY OF SOCKET & SPIGOTJOINT :


d Diameter of rods, d1 Dia of spigot
D1 Outside diameter of socket
D Outside diameter of socket collar
B Width of cotter, t thickness of cotter
d 2 Dia of spigot collar, t1 thickness of spigot collar
l1 Length at the rod end, l Length at the socket end

t Axial stress, tensile or compressive


Shear stress in the bolt, c Crushing stress

Design procedure for Cotter J oint :


( 1) Design of rods :

2
Tearing resistance of rods, P d t L Eqn 4.20, P 56
4
Find d = ?
( 2)To find dia of spigot 'd'
1 & thickness of cotter 't'
(a ) Resistance of cotter in crushing
t
P d1t c L Eqn 4.22, P 56 Find d1t = ?
(b) Tearing resistance of rod end
d

d1

P d1 d1t t L Eqn 4.21, P 56


4

Substitute d1t from step


(a) and fnd d1 = ? and t = ?
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept,
RVCE, Bangalore

Design procedure for Cotter J oint( contd...)


t1

( 3) Design of spigot collar :


(a ) Resistance of collar in compression
d1
d2
d
2
P (d 2 d12 ) c L Eqn 4.23, P 56 Find d 2 = ?
4
(b)Resistance of collar in shearing P d1t1 L Eqn 4.24, P 56
Find t1 = ?
( 4)Width of Cotter :
Shearing resistance of cotter P 2bt L Eqn 4.32, P 56
Find b = ?
( 5) Design of socket :
Tearing resistance of socket
2

P ( D1 d12 ) ( D1 d1 )t t L Eqn 4.27, P 56


4

Dr P R Venkatesh,
Mech
Solve the quadratic equation
& find
DDept,
1=?
RVCE, Bangalore

d1

D1

Design procedure for Cotter J oint( contd...)


( 6) Dia of socket collar D 2d1 L Eqn 4.30, P 56
( 7)To find Length l1 &l :
(a) Shearing resistance of rod end P 2d1l1 L Eqn 4.26, P 56
Find l1 = ?
(b) Shearing resistance of socket
P 2( D d1 )l L Eqn 4.29, P 56 Find l = ?
( 8)Thickness of spigot collar & socket end :
Resistance of thrust collar to shearing:
P d1t1 L Eqn 4.24, P 56 Find t1 = ?
Take t1 t2
( 9) Draw a neat proportionate
sketch.
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept,
RVCE, Bangalore

Problem 1

INTRODUCTION
Design a socket & spigot type cotter joint
to connect two rods subjected to a steady
axial pull of 100 KN. The material used
for spigot end, socket end and the cotter
is C 40 steel. Take factor of safety as 4 for
tension, 6 for shear and 3 for crushing
based on the tensile yield strength .
13

Data : P 100 KN 100 103 N


For C40 steel, from table1.8, page 419, yt 324 MPa.
324
Allowable tensile stress t
=81 MPa
4
324
Allowable shear stress
=54 MPa
6
324
Allowable crushing stress c
=108 MPa
3
( 1) Design of rods :
2
Tearing resistance of rods, P d t L Eqn 4.20, P 56
4

3
100 10 d 2 81
4
Diameter of rod dDr=3
9.64
4Dept,
0 mm
P R Venkatesh,
Mech
RVCE, Bangalore

( 2)To find dia of spigot 'd'


1 & thickness of cotter 't'
(a) Resistance of cotter in crushing
P d1t c L Eqn 4.22, P 56
100 103 d1t 108 d1t =926 mm2
(b) Tearing resistance of rod end
2

P d1 d1t t L Eqn 4.21, P 56


4

100 10 d1 926 81
4

Diameter of spigot d1 =53 mm


3

Also d1t 926 53 t 926


Thickness of cotter t18mm

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept,


RVCE, Bangalore

( 3) Design of spigot collar :


(a) Resistance of collar in compression
2
P (d 2 d12 ) c L Eqn 4.23, P 56
4
2
3
100 10 (d 2 532 ) 108
4
Dia of spigot collar d2 = 63.15 mm 64 mm
(b)Resistance of collar in shearing P d1t1 L Eqn 4.24, P 56
100 103 53 t1 54
Thickness of spigot collar t1 =11.12 mm12 mm
( 4)Width of Cotter :
Shearing resistance of cotter P 2bt L Eqn 4.32, P 56
100 103 2 b 18 54
Dr P R Venkatesh,52
Mechmm
Dept,
Width of cotter b =51.44
RVCE, Bangalore

( 5) Design of socket :
Tearing resistance of socket

2
2
P ( D1 d1 ) ( D1 d1 )t t L Eqn 4.27, P 56
4

2
2
100 10 ( D1 53 ) ( D1 53)18 81
4

1234.57 0.7854 D12 2206 18 D1 954


0.7854 D12 18 D1 2486.57 0
Outside diameter of socket D1 = 68.8870 mm
( 6) Dia of socket collar D 2d1 L Eqn 4.30, P 56
D = 2 53 =106 mm

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept,


RVCE, Bangalore

( 7)To find Length l1 & l :


(a) Shearing resistance of rod end P 2d1l1 L Eqn 4.26, P 56
100 103 2 53 l1 54 l1 =17.47 18 mm
(b) Shearing resistance of socket
P 2( D d1 )l L Eqn 4.29, P 56
100 103 2(106 53) l 54 l =17.4718 mm
( 8)Thickness of spigot collar & socket end :
Resistance of thrust collar to shearing:
P d1t1 L Eqn 4.24, P 56
100 103 53 t1 54 t1 =11.1212 mm
Take t1 t2 12 mm
( 9) Draw a neat proportionate
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mechsketch.
Dept,
RVCE, Bangalore

ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION

In

INTRODUCTION
page 58, Fig 4.4, a table is given

which gives the dimensions of cotter


joint in terms of diameter of the rod.
The same set of equations can be used
to check the values of stresses induced.
Both the approaches are valid.
19

Symb
ol

Particulars

Proportio
ns

d1

Diameter of spigot end

1.25 d

Thickness of cotter

0.25 d1

b=B

Width of cotter

1.25 d1

Outside diameter of
socket collar

2d1

Equations for checking


stresses
P d1t c Eqn 4.22, P 56
2

d1 d1t t Eqn 4.21, P 56


4

P 2bt Eqn 4.32, P 56


P=(D-d1)t c Eqn 4.28, P
56

2
2

D1

( D1 d1 ) ( D1 d1 )t t Eqn 4.27, P 56

Outside diameter of
socket

1.75 d1

d2

Diameter of spigot
collar

1.5 d

l & l1

Distances of cotter from


spigot end & socket end

0.75 d

P 2d1l1 Eqn 4.26, P 56

t1=t2

Thickness of spigot
collar &
wall thickness of socket

0.5d

P= d1t1 Eqn 4.24, P


56
P= dt2 Eqn 4.31,20P

2
(d 2 d12 ) c Eqn 4.23, P 56
4

P 2( D d1 )l Eqn 4.29, P 56

KNUCKLE
Fig 4.5,
Page 59,
JOINT
Mahadevan DDHB

A knuckle joint is used to connect two rods


subjected to tensile load when a small amount
of flexibility or angular movement is necessary.
One end of the rod is forged in the form of a
fork having a hole in both the arms of the fork.
It is called double eye or forked end.
21

KNUCKLE
JOINT

The end of the other rod is also forged into a single eye

end. It is placed within the double eye end and a


cylindrical pin is inserted through the hole in them.
It is then kept in position by means of a collar and

taper pin.
Applications: used in valve rods & eccentric rods, lever &
pump rod joint, etc.

22

DESIGN OF KNUCKLE JOINT


(Page No 57, Fig 4.5, Page 59, Mahadevan DDHB )

TERMINOLOGY OF KNUCKLE JOINT :


P Tensile load on the joint
d Diameter of rods, S Square section at rod end
d1 Diameter of knuckle pin
C Diameter of pin head, B Thickness of fork (double eye)
F Thickness of single eye, E Thickness of pin head
t Allowable tensile stress, Allowable shear stress

c Allowable crushing stress, D Diameter of the eye

Design procedure for Knuckle J oint :

( 1) Design of rods :

2
Tearing resistance of rods, P d t L Eqn 4.34, P 57
4
Find d = ?
( 2)Width of square section S =d2
Tearing resistance of square section P d 22 t L Eqn 4.37, P 57
Find d 2 = S = ? If this value is < 1.2d, take S = 1.2d (from page 59)

( 3)Thickness of fork 'A'


Tearing resistance across the fork P 2 Ad 2 t L Eqn 4.35, P 57
Find A = ?
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept,
RVCE, Bangalore

Design procedure for Knuckle J oint :


( 4) Design of knuckle pin : Pin is in double shear .
2
(a)Resistance to shearing of pin P d1 2 L Eqn 4.36, P 57
4
Find diameter of knuckle pin d1 ?

(b) Diameter of pin head C 1.5d


(c) Thickness of pin head E 0.5d (From Table in Page 59)
( 5)Thickness & Diameter of forked end( double eye) :
(a) Resistance of fork end to crushing P = 2Bd1 c L Eqn 4.42, P 57
Find Thickness of double eye B ?
(b) Tearing Resistance of two sections across forked end
P = 2(D - d1 )B t L Eqn 4.40, P 57
Find Diameter of fork eyeDr D
?
P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept,
RVCE, Bangalore

Design procedure for Knuckle J oint :


( 6)Thickness of rod end( single eye) :
Resistance of fork end to crushing P = Fd1 c L Eqn 4.41, P 57
Find F ?
( 7) Draw neat & proportionate sketch :
Refer fig 4.5, Page 59. Use table for extra dimesions that are
not obtained using design equations.(ex : G, H , L, L1 )
Note : Use the symbol for pin diameter as ' d1 ' not
The diameter of both rods is d only , not d & d1 as in fig .
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept,
RVCE, Bangalore

Problem 1

INTRODUCTION

Design a knuckle joint to connect two


mild steel rods to sustain an axial
pull of 150 KN. The pin & the rods are
made of same material. Assume
working stresses in the material as
80 MPa in tension, 40 MPa in shear
and 120 MPa in crushing.

27

Data : P 150 KN 150 103 N


Allowable tensile stress t 80 MPa
Allowable shear stress 40 MPa
Allowable crushing stress c 120 MPa
( 1) Diameter of rod : Tearing resistance of rods

2
P d t L Eqn 4.34, P 57
4

3
150 10 d 2 80 d = 48.86 50 mm
4
( 2)Width of square section S =d2
Tearing resistance of square section P d 22 t L Eqn 4.37, P 57
150 103 d 22 80 d 2 = S = 43.3 45 mm < 1.2d
Take S = d 2 = 1.2d = Dr
1.2
50 = 6Mech
0m
m
P R
Venkatesh,
Dept,
RVCE, Bangalore

( 3)Thickness of fork 'A'


Tearing resistance across the fork P 2 Ad 2 t L Eqn 4.35, P 57
150 103 2 A 60 80 A = 15.62 16 mm
( 4) Design of knuckle pin : Pin is in double shear .

2
(a )Resistance to shearing of pin P d1 2L Eqn 4.36, P 57
4

3
150 10 d12 40 2 Dia of knuckle pin d1 50mm
4
(b) Diameter of pin head C 1.5d 1.5 50 75 mm
(c) Thickness of pin head E 0.5d 25 mm (From Table,Page 59)
( 5)Thickness & Diameter of forked end( double eye) :
(a) Resistance of fork end to crushing P = 2Bd1 c L Eqn 4.42, P 57
150 103 2 B 50 120 Thickness of double eye B 12.5 mm
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept,
RVCE, Bangalore

(b) Tearing Resistance of two sections across forked end


P = 2(D - d1 )B t L Eqn 4.40, P 57
150 10 3 = 2(D - 50 ) 12.5 80
Diameter of fork eye D 125 mm
( 6)Thickness of rod end( single eye) :
Resistance of fork end to crushing P = Fd1 c L Eqn 4.41, P 57
150 10 3 = F 50 120
Thickness of rod end F 25 mm
( 7) Draw neat & proportionate sketch :
Refer fig 4.5, Page 59. Use table for extra dimesions that are
not obtained using design equations.(ex : G, H , L, L1 )
Note : Use the symbol for pin diameter as ' d1 ' not
Dr P R Venkatesh,
Mech ,
Dept,
The diameter of both rods
is d only
not d & d1 as in fig .
RVCE, Bangalore

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