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TheSoundSystemofAmericanEnglish
KeyTerms
Phonemeaunitofsoundsignificantina
specificlanguage(E.g.,/s/isaphonemein
EnglishwhiletheGermanchsound/x/isnot)
GraphemeThesymbols(letters)usedina
writingsystemsuchasouralphabet
DigraphAsinglesoundrepresentedbytwo
letters(e.g.,th,sh,ea)
PhoneticAlphabetacollectionofsymbolsused
forwritingwordsphonetically
MoreTerms
Allophoneavariantofaphoneme;oftennot
noticedbynativespeakers(e.g,spin,pin)
MinimalPairTwowordsthatarepronouncedthe
sameexceptforonesound(e.g.,Sue,zoo)
VoicedSoundAsoundproducedwiththevocal
folds(cords)vibrating(e.g.voiced/z/asopposed
tovoiceless/s/)
Diphthongadoublevowelsoundtwovowels
appearingtogetherasthenucleusofasyllable
TheVocal
Tract
TheVocalFolds(orCords)
TheConsonantsofEnglish
TheVowelsofEnglish
PhoneticTranscription
Horseshoes
[horsuz]
Matches
[mc\z]
Bookend
[bknd]
Is
[z]
[ornz]
Breathe
[bri]
AllomorphsBasedonPhonology
Thepluralmorpheme
[s]afteravoicelessconsonant
[z]afteravoicedconsonant
[\z]afterasibilant(s,z,sh[s],[z],ch[c],orj
[j])
Thepasttensemorpheme
[d]afteravoicedsound,
[t]afteravoicelesssound
[\d]aftera[t]or[d]
AllomorphsBasedonPhonology
Thenegativeprefix/in/n
[m]beforealabial(e.g.,impossible,immovable,
imbalance)
[]beforeavelar(e.g.,incorrect,ingratitude)
[r]before/r/(e.g.,irreversible)
[l]before/l/(e.g.,illogical)
Otherexamplesofassimilation
Conduct,compel,colleague,corrode
Synergy,symmetry,syllogism
Admit,abbreviate,account,annul,appeal,arrive,assign,
attend,alleviate
Submit,succeed,sufficient,suggest,support,surreptitious
VowelDeletion
Deletethelastvowelofamorphemeifthe
followingmorphemebeginswithavowel
Antiagainst,opposite
Apoaway,from,off
Cataback,down,away
Diathrough,between
Metabeyond,after
Anti+pathy
Apo+logy
Cata+log
Dia+meter
Meta+morphic
Ant+agonize
Ap+androus
Cat+egory
Di+uretic
Met+onymy
Workswithsomerootsandsuffixes:
autoself
misohate
ateadjectivesuffix
auto+graph
miso+gyny
cre+ate
aut+ism
mis+anthrope
cre+at+ion
Notifprefixisonlyonesyllable:re+act;bi+ennial
E/ODeletion
Deletetheeoroofamorphemeendinginerororofa
morphemeifthefollowingmorphemebeginswithavowel
Matermother
Member
Meter
Act
Enter
Mater+nal
Dis+member
Dia+meter
Act+or
Matr+ilineal
Membr+ane
Metr+ic
Actr+ess
Entr+ance
SDeletion
Deleteansaftertheprefixex
Spir
Ser
Secu
Sist
In+spire
In+sert
Con+secu+tive
Re+sist
Ex+pire
Ex+ert
Ex+ecutive
Ex+ist
NDeletion
Deletethenoftheprefixanbeforeaconsonant:
Examples:a+theist,a+pathy,a+symmetry,a+trophy
Butnot:an+emic,an+archy,an+orexic,an+
hydrous
VowelAlternations
/a/changesto/e/inotherthanfirstsyllable
E.,g,annual/biennial;apt/inept;
damnation/condemn
/e/changesto/i/inotherthanfirstsyllable
E.g.,regular;incorrigible;spec
ulate/conspicuous