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SYSTEM
Heeba Rahman (145)
Radhika Jha (153)
OVERVIEW
General anatomical study of the
reproductive organs
Functional study of the organs
Spermatogenesis
Endocrine functions
Disorders
Situated in scrotum
Two in number
Measures to about 45 cm (1.62.0 inches) long
and 23 cm (0.81.2 inches) in diameter.
Divided by partitions of fibrous tissue from the
tunica albuginea into 200 to 400 wedge-shaped
sections, or lobes. Within each lobe are 3 to 10
coiled tubules, called seminiferous tubules, which
produce the sperm cells.
The testes contain germ cells that differentiate into
mature spermatozoa, supporting cells called Sertoli
cells, and testosterone-producing cells called
Leydig (interstitial) cells
Histology of Testis
Each Testes is covered by 3 layers:
Seminiferous Tubules
Germ Cells
Sertoli Cells
Germ Cells
1.
2.
3.
4.
Precursors of Spermatozoa
Different Stages of Spermatogenic cells
are:
Spermagonium
Primary Spermatocyte
Secondary Spermatocyte
Spermatid
Sertoli Cells
Supporting cells, provide support, protection
and nourishment to the spermatogenic cells
Head of Spermatogenic Cells embedded in
Sertoli Cells until Spermiation
Also called Nurse Cells or Sustentacular
Cells
Ejaculatory Duct
1: Epididymis
2: Head of epididymis
3: Lobules of
epididymis
4: Body of epididymis
5: Tail of epididymis
6: Duct of epididymis
7: Deferent duct
(ductus deferens or
vas deferens)
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
External Genitalia
Scrotum
Duct System
Epididymis
Vas Efferens
Rete Testis
Vas Deferens
Ejaculatory Duct
Epididymis
Duct of epididymis is an enormously
convoluted tubule
Length of about 4 metres
Has three parts
1. Head- Collection of Sperms
2. Body- Matuation of Sperms
3. Tail- Passes Sperms on to the Duct of
Epididymus.
Vas Efferens
From rete testis 8-15 tubules called vas
efferens arise
Vas efferens join together & form head of
epididymis & then converge to form duct of
epididymis
Rete Testis
Towards apex of each seminiferous
lobule,convulated tubules unite with narrow
straight tubule
Tubules from all lobules pass into
mediastinum
Straight tubules join and form a network of
thin walled channels called rete testis
Vas Deferens
Ejaculatory Duct
Leydig Cells
Parenchyma of testis contains interstitial
cells of Leydig in between the seminiferrous
tubules.
Interstitial cells of Leydig are hormones
secreting cells of testis
Sperms
Total count of sperms about 100150million/mL of semen
Sterility occurs when sperms count falls
below 20 millions/mL
After ejaculation the survival time is only
about 24-48 hours
Rate of motility in female genital tract is
about 3mm/minute
Reach the fallopian tube in about 30-60
minutes after sexual intercourse
Structure Of Sperm
Consists of four parts:
i) Head:oval shape with length of 3-5micron &
width up to 3micron.Has a thick cap called
acrosome
ii) Neck:Anterior end formed by thick disc-shaped
anterior end knob called proximal centriole and
posterior end called posterior end knob
iii) Body:Cylindrical with length of 5-9micron &
thickness of 1 micron
iv) Tail:Consists of chief or main piece and
terminal or end piece
Functions of Testis
Performs two functions:
i)Gametogenic Function:refers to the
production of gametes
ii)Endocrine function:It is secretion of male
sex hormones.
Stages Of Spermatogenesis
Proliferative Stage: Spermatogonia divde
by mitosis and increase in number
Growth Stage: Primary spermatocytes
increase in size
Maturation Stage: Undergoes meiosis,
becomes haploid and now is called
spermatid
Transformation Stage: Spermatids are
transformed into sperms and are released
by spermiation.
Stage of
spermatogenesis
Hormones necessary
1.Stage of proliferation
2.Stage of growth
Testosterone, Growth
Hormone
3.Stage of maturation
Testosterone,Growth
Hormone
Endocrine Function Of
Testes
Testosterone
1. Responsible for Secondary sexual features in
Males
2. Sex differentiation in Fetus
Dihydrotestosterone(DHT) is anandrogenor
male sex hormone. The enzyme5-reductasesynthesises
DHT in theprostate gland,testes,hair follicles, and
adrenal glands. Thisenzymereduces the 4,5 double-bond
of thehormonetestosterone.
Levels Of Testosterone
Disorders
There are four main categories of
reproductivediseasesin humans. They are:
Genetic or congenital abnormalities,
Cancers
Infections or STDs
Functional problems
Congenital Disorders
Cancers
Prostate cancer- Cancer of the prostate
gland.
Penile cancer- Cancer of penis.
Testicular cancer- Cancer of the testis
Infections
Functional Disorders
Hypogonadism- A lack of function of the
gonads, in regards to either hormones or
gamete production.
Impotence- The inability of a male to
produce or maintain an erection.
Premature ejaculation- A lack of voluntary
control over ejaculation.
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