Introduction to

Telephony

Agenda
Basic Analog Telephony
Basic Digital Telephony
Consolidated Transport Networking

Telephony Equipment
Telephone set
Key system
Optimizes use of telephone sets to lines
Mechanical to electronic
2 to 10+ sets typically

PBX (Private Branch Exchange)

Advanced features and call routing
10s to 100s of telephone sets

Central office switch

3

Analog TelephonyPOTS Basics

Tip
Ring

Sleeve

Basic Call Progress: On-Hook

Telephone
Switch

Local
Loop

Local
Loop

-48 DC Voltage
DC Open Circuit
No Current Flow
5

Basic Call Progress: Off-Hook

Off-Hook
Closed
Circuit

Telephone
Switch
DC Current
Dial Tone
Local
Loop

Local
Loop

Basic Call Progress: Dialing

Off-Hook
Closed
Circuit Dialed Digits
Pulses or
Tones

Telephone
Switch

DC Current
Local
Loop

Basic Call Progress: Switching

Off-Hook
Closed
Circuit

Telephone
Switch

DC Current
Local
Loop

Address
to
Port
Translation

Local
Loop

Basic Call Progress: Ringing

Off-Hook
Closed
Circuit
Ring Back
Tone
DC Current
Local
Loop

Telephone
Switch
DC Open Cct.
Ringing Tone
Local
Loop

Basic Call Progress: Talking

Off-Hook
Closed
Circuit

Telephone
Switch

Voice Energy
DC Current

Voice Energy
DC Current

Local
Loop

Local
Loop

10

Analog TelephonySignaling

Supervisory
Addressing
Call progress

11

Off-Hook Signaling
Loop Start (almost all telephones)

Seizure is detected when current flows through local loop, due to off-hook

Ground Start (PBXs)

Seizure is detected when one wire

is grounded
Seizure can be initiated in both directions

12

Analog Telephony Supervisory Signaling

Loop start

Current flow sensed

Switch

Ground start

Momentary ground ring lead

Switch

13

Loop Start
Station

PBX or Central Office

Loop
(Local or Station)

DC Current

Ringing

AC

Switch

Switch

Switch

14

E&M Signaling
PBXs, switches

Separate signaling leads for each direction

E-Lead (inbound direction)
M-Lead (outbound direction)
Allows independent signaling

State

E-Lead

M-Lead

On-Hook

Open

Ground

Off-Hook

Ground

Battery Voltage

15

Signaling and Addressing

Dial Pulse

DTMF

Analog Transmission
In-Band Signaling
09, *, # (12 Digits)

ISDN

Digital Transmission
Out-of-Band
Message-Based
Signaling

16

Pulse Dialing
Off-Hook

Dialing

Inter-Digit Next Digit

Make
(Circuit Closed)

Break
(Circuit Open)

700 ms
US:60/40 Break/Make
Pulse Period
(100 ms)
17

Tone Dialing
Dual Tone Multifrequency (DTMF)
1209

1336

1477

1633

697

770

852

941

Timing:
60 ms Break
40 ms Make

18

Network Call Progress Tones

Tone

Frequency (Hz)

On Time

Off Time

Dial

350 + 440

Continuous

Busy

480 + 620

0.5

O.5

Ringback, Normal

440 + 480

Ringback, PBX

440 + 480

Congestion (Toll)

480 + 620

0.2

0.3

Reorder (local)

480 + 620

0.3

0.2

Receiver Off-hook

1400 + 2060 + 2450 +2600

0.1

0.1

No Such Number

200 to 400

Continuous, Freq. Mod 1Hz

19

Voice Channel Bandwidth

Voice Channel
Output
Voltage
or
Energy

Voice Signal

.2

1
Tone Dialing
Signals

Frequency
(K-Hertz)

Systems Control
Signals
20

Local Access Network

Feeder Route Boundary

Central
Office

40,000 to
50,000 Lines

Serving
Area
Boundary

21

Switching Systems

Manual controlSwitch/cord boards

Off-Hook Indicator
Tip
Ring

Patch Cord
Pairs
Manual Ring

22

PSTN Network Hierarchy

4C 4P

4C

4P

4C 4P

4X

5R

5R

4X

Class
1
2
3
4C
4P
4X
5
5R
R

Name
Regional Center
Sectional Center
Primary Center
Toll Center
Toll Point
Interm. Point
End Office
EO w/ RSU
Remote Sw. Unit

R
23

Types of Voice Circuits

Serving Area
415-NXX-XXX
415-577-3800

Class 5
Switch

OPX
Off-Premises
Ext.
415-577-3801

Serving Area
510-NXX-XXX
Class 5
415-655-1400
Switch

FX
Foreign Exchange

ARD
Auto Ring Down
24

Echo in Voice Networks

Listener

Talker
Delay

Talker Echo

Listener Echo

25

Normal Signal Flow

2-Wire
Local Loop

Central Office

Receive
Direction

2w-4w
Hybrid
Transmit
Direction

2- to 4-wire hybrid combines receive and transmit signals over

the same pair
2-wire impedance must match 4-wire impedance

26

How Does Echo Happen?

Echo is due to a reflection

2-Wire Local
Loop
Rx and Tx
superimposed

Central Office

Receive
Direction

2w-4w
Hybrid
Transmit
Direction

Impedance Mismatch at the 2w-4w Hybrid

Is the Most Common Reason for Echo
27

Echo Is Always Present

Echo as a problem is a function of the echo delay, and the
magnitude of the echo

Echo Is Unnoticeable
(dB)
Echo Path Loss

Echo Is a Problem

Echo Path Delay (ms)

28

Ways to Defeat Echo

Increase the loss in the echo path

Can often be the solution

Disadvantage: Static setting, reduces the signal strength of
the speaker

Echo suppresser

Acts like a noise gate, effectively making communications

half-duplex

29

Echo Canceller
Most effective means for removing echo
Central Office
E/C

Echo Canceller
Block Diagram

Adaptive
Filter

30

Summary
Analog voice technology dates
back to the 1900s
Information exchange based on voltage, current
flow, grounding, etc.

31

Agenda
Basic Analog Telephony
Basic Digital Telephony
Consolidated Transport Networking

32

Digital Telephony
Digital Trunking
Switch

Switch

Analog Loop
POTS

Digital Network
CB

Switch

Digital Loop Digital Network

ISDN

Switch

33

Digital Telephony
Pulse Code ModulationNyquist Theorem
Voice Bandwidth =
300 Hz to 3400 Hz

Analog Audio Source

Codec Technique

Sampling Stage
= Sample

8 kHz (8,000 Samples/Sec)

34

Pulse Code Modulation

Analog to Digital Conversion
ALaw (Europe)

Quantizing Noise

100100111011001
Stage 1

Law (USAJapan)

Quantizing Stage
35

Digital TelephonyT1 and E1/J1

T1 ITU-T G.733

E1/J1 ITU-T G.732

Sampling Frequency

8 kHz

8 kHz

Channel Bit Rate

DS064 kbps

DS064 kbps

Time Slots per Frame

24

32

Channels per Frame

24

30

Bits per Frame

24 x 8 + 1 = 193

32 x 8 = 256

Framing

D4/Super Frame (12)

E1: Multiframe (16)

Extended Super Frame (24)

J1: CRV in Bit 1 of frame

Framing Indicator

193rd Bit of Frame

2.048 kbps Word of

7 Bits in the 0 Channel
of Odd Frames

System Bit Rate

8,000 x 193 = 1.544 Mbps

8,000 x 256 = 2.048 Mbps

Signaling

Robbed Bit Channel Associated Signaling

E1: CCS in TS 16

D4/Super Frame

Extended Super Frame

LSB/Channel

LSB/Channel

CAS in TS 162 Ch
Every Other Frame

Frame 6 and 12

Frames 6, 12, 18, 24

J1: TS0

DS1 Framing Format

193rd Bit of each
frame used for
frame synchronization.
D4 Framing is 12 frames
D4 framing pattern is: 100011011100

24 Frames
per
Extended
SuperFrame

ESF is 24 frames, with framing,

CRC and an FDL channel
ESF Framing pattern is
001011, in frames 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24
Channel Associated
Signaling robs the LSB
of every byte in frames 6, 12, 18 and 24
for ABCD bits
Common Channel
Signaling (ISDN) uses TS 24

24 Time Slots125 sec

37

Extended Super-Frame Format

S Bits
Frame
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Bit Use in Each Channel

Time Slot

Fe

DL

BC

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

C6

SignalingBit
Use Options

Traffic

Signaling

16

Bits 17

Bit 8

Bits 17

Bit 8

Bits 17

Bit 8

Bits 17

Bit 8

E1 Frame Format

Time Slot 0
Synchronization
0011011 Bits 2 to 8

16th Time Slot

Contains Multiframe
Alignment Signal

ABCD Signaling Bits for

Time Slots 1 and 17

16 Frames
per
Multiframe

ABCD Signaling Bits for

Time Slots 15 and 31

32 Time Slots125usec
39

Digital Signaling Schemes

Channel Associated Signaling

Extended Super Frame

Bit
A
B
C
D
Audio
Supervision Address Signaling
Address Signaling
On/Off Hook
(Dial Pulse)
(DTMF)

Frame
6th
12th
18th
24th

40

Digital Signaling Schemes

E-1

Time Slot 0

Common Channel Signaling

Time Slot 16

Supervision Address Signaling

Audio
(Dial Pulse)
Address Signaling On/Off Hook
(DTMF)
41

Digital TelephonySynchronization
Bit synchronization

Primary reference source

Ones density (except for J1/CMI)

Time slot synchronization

Bits/byte/channel

Frame alignment
Basic rule
193rd bit pattern

42

Digital Telephony Synchronization

One Multiframe (ESF)
3 ms
12

24

1 Frame,
125us, 193bits 24 Time Slots
1

12

24

1 Channel Time
Slot, 5.18us

648ns
43

SynchronizationTraditional Network Clocking

Strata
Master Clock

Stratum
PRS

.00001ppm
Timing

Timing

Toll Office

Timing

One per LATA

Timing

End Office
DCS

3
4

End Office

PBX

Bits Distribution

PBX
44

Digital Telephony
Analog Emulation and Pair Gain

Backbone to largest
interoperable network in
the world
Signaling information
exchange based on
~30 year old concepts
Twiddling bits based on
~100-year old signaling

45

Digital Telephony Summary

Analog telephony emulation
Voice encoding
Limited signaling
Loop consolidation

46

Agenda

Basic Analog Telephony

Basic Digital Telephony
Consolidated Transport Networking

47

Consolidated
Transport Networking
Consolidated Transport Networking
Remote/Branch
Access

Frame, Packet,
Cell,CES, DS0

Gateway/Integrated Switching
Trunking

Cell, CES
Gateway

Campus/
Desktop

Packet

C
A
L
L
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Consolidated Transport Network Solutions

PBX trunking
PBX trunk pathing
Intelligent voice network switching

Branch/remote office access

Virtual switch access
Tie line and OPX transport
Alternate packet routes

49

PSTN

PBX Trunk Pathing

PSTN

PBX2

PBX1

PBX2

PSTN

PBX4

PVCs
CES/IWF

PSTN
PBX1

CES/IWF

CES/IWF

PSTN
PBX2

PSTN

CES/IWF

PBX4

PSTN PBX
3
50

Network Synchronization
Adaptive Clocking
Transmit Clock
In-Bound Cells

PBX1

Reassembly FIFO Queue

Outbound
Frames

PBX2

ATM Network
IWF 1

IWF 2

51

Network Synchronization
Synchronous Residual Time Stamp

PRS1

Transmit
Clock

PRS1

PRS2

PBX1

PBX2

ATM Network
Receive IWF 1
Clock

IWF 2
52

Network Synchronization
Synchronous Clocking
Traceable to a Single Reference Source

PRS2
PRS

PBX1

IWF 1

ATM
Network

IWF 2

PBX2

53

PSTN

PBX2

PBX2

PBX Trunk Pathing

PSTN

Network Synchronization

PBX1

PSTN

PBX4

PSTN PBX2

PVCs
CES/IWF

PBX4

PSTN

CES/IWF

CES/IWF

PSTN
PBX1

CES/IWF

PRS2

PBX3

PSTN
54

PBX Trunking
PBX Trunk PathingConsiderations

N2 connections
Tandem hops dependent
on topology
Dedicated point-to-point circuits
Point-to-point signaling
Platform availability

55

PSTN

PBX Trunking
Intelligent Voice Switching

PSTN

PBX2

PBX1

PBX2

PSTN

PBX4

PBX2 PSTN

PSTN

PBX1

PBX4
VNS

PSTN

Dynamic
VCs

PBX signaling
DPNSS
ETSI-QSIG
ISO-QSIG

PBX3 PSTN
56

PBX TrunkingIntelligent Voice Network Switching

Efficient trunk groups

Efficient WAN utilization

PBX to network signaling

Tandem switch replacement
Dynamic setup of virtual circuits
Compression
Voice activity detection

57

Consolidated Transport
Branch/Remote Office Access
Explosive branch office
data networking
Similar voice and data
traffic patterns
Technology advancements

58

Satellite Access
Consolidated Transport
PSTN

PBX1

PBX Trunk
Network

PSTN

PBX4

Access
WAN

H-PBX1

PSTN

PSTN

H-PBX2

59

Branch/Remote Office
Virtual Switch Access

PBX

Access
WAN
KTS/
PBX

60

Branch/Remote Office Access

Tie Line and OPX Transport
KTS/
PBX
PBX

Access
WAN

KTS/
PBX
KTS/
PBX

61

Consolidated Transport
Alternate Routes

Access
WAN
PBX

Backbone
Network

PBX

PSTN

62

Fixed vs. Usage Billed Service

CTN Bandwidth
Tie Trunk
DDD
A Plan

Billing
Cycle
Cost ($)

Z
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Usage/Billing Cycle (Hours/Month)

63

Consolidated Transport - FAX Services

PBX Trunk
Network

PSTN PBX1

PBX4

PSTN
Internet
Access
WAN

F
F

F
PSTN

H-PBX1

F
PSTN

H-PBX2

64

Agenda
Basic Analog Telephony
Basic Digital Telephony
Consolidated Transport Networking

65

Thank You!
Q&A

66