The Dronfield School: Salter's AS Chemistry Summer Revision by M Thomson

The Dronfield School
Salters AS Chemistry
Summer Revision
By M Thomson
The first step to knowledge..

Is knowing what you know
..and what you dont know
Classifying your Knowledge..

Things you can do
Things you can do

already and dont
need much more
help with
Things you could do
Things you cant

do
understand but need

to learn a little more
Even with the

answer in front you
you, you cant do it
You now know

Thingseverything!!
you
Even the longest journey.
..must start with a single step
..we have about 50 steps
Navigation Page
Select the Unit you wish to study
Minerals to Elements
Polymer Revolution
Atmosphere
End Slides
Questions on Elements from the Sea
a. Concentration Calculations
Can you answer these questions
If you dissolve 1.00g of NaOH into 250cm3 of
solution, what is its molarity?
How many moles are there in 15cm3 of 0.2M
solution?
1g = 1/40 = 0.025 moles in 250 = 0.1 Moles in 1000 ie 0.1M
No of moles = volume x molarity / 1000 = 15 x 0.2/1000 = 0.003
a. Ionic Equations
Write ionic equations for Silver with halide ions
Acid with alkali
Ag+(aq) + Cl- (aq) AgCl(s)
H+(aq)+ OH-(aq) H2O(l)
b. Titrations
Can you give the details for doing a titration
If 25cm3 of sodium hydroxide are neutralised by
15cm3 of 0.15M sulphuric Acid
M
Moles of H2SO4 = 15 x 0.15/1000 = 0.00225
Equation H2SO4 + 2NaOH
M
O
0.00225
Na2SO4
+ 2H2O
0.0045 moles of NaOH in 25cm3
Molarity of NaOH = 0.0045 x 1000/25 = 0.18M (Sig Fig)
c. Electron Sub levels

What are the sublevels found in each electron
shell, how many electrons can each sub level hold?
S holds 2, p holds 6, d holds 10
Order 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
Eg Br is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5
Dont forget the exceptions
Cu 4s1 3d10 Cr 4s1 3d5 and remove 4s before 3d
d. Writing Electron Configurations

Can you write down the electron configurations of
Fe
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6
Fe2+
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s0 3d6
Cr
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5
Cu
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10
e. Shapes of Molecules
Draw a dot cross diagram for NH3
Describe the shape and bond angle of the molecule
H
Xo
xo
xo
N
xx
Shape Trigonal pyramid

Bond angle 107o
f. Polar Covalent Bonds

What causes a bond to be permanently polar
Which is more polar C-Cl C-Br or C-I
Difference between electronegativity between the
atoms, one nucleus attracts the electron pair more
than the other
The C-Cl bond is the most polar
g. Intermolecular Bonds
What sort of intermolecular bonds are there between
bromine molecules
What sort of intermolecular bonds occur between HBr
molecules
Br2 Instantaneous dipole induced dipole bonds
HBr Permanent dipole bonds
h. Sodium Chloride
Draw a 3 dimensional structure of sodium chloride
Na+
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
Na+
Na+Cl-
Cl-
Na+ ClNa+
Cl-
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+ Cl-
Cl- Cl-
Na+Cl- Cl-Na+
Cl-
Na+
ClNa+
i. Oxidation States
What is the definition of Oxidation State
What is the oxidation state of Iodine in KIO3
The number of electrons lost by an atom when forming a
compound or ion
K+ O2- O2- O2- so its I +5
NB not 5+
i. Oxidation and Reduction

In the equation below, can you assign oxidation
states to each element and say what is being oxidised
and what is reduced
2H2S + SO2 2H2O + 3S
+1 -2
+4 -2
Oxidised Reduced
+1 -2
j. Half and full equations

Can you write half equations for: SO2 H2SO4
Can you write a half equation for MnO4- Mn 2+
Can you combine them into a full equation
SO2 + 2H2O
H2SO4 + 2H+ + 2e-
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ + 4H2O

5SO2 + 10H2O + 2MnO4- + 16H+ + 10e-
X5
X2
5H2SO4 + 10H+ + 10e- + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O
k. The Blocks of the Periodic

Table
Can you label the blocks of the periodic table?
p
d
l. Ionisation Enthalpies
Write en expression for the 1st and 2nd ionisation enthalpies of Mg
Explain why the 2ns IE for Mg is higher than the 1st and the 3rd is
much higher
Mg(g) Mg+(g) + eMg+(g) Mg2+(g) + eSuccessive IEs are always larger as you are removing an electron
from an increasingly positively charged ion
The 3rd IE of Mg is much higher as you are breaking into a new
shell which is closer to the nucleus and held more strongly
m. Properties of Halogens
Can you describe the appearance of Cl, Br and I
What happens to their B.Ps
How does their solubility in water and hexane change
Yellow gas, red/brown liquid, black solid
Boiling points increase down group
Solubility decreases down group..more soluble in hexane
n. Manufacturing Chemicals
Compare the following Industrial reactions
The Haber Process making Ammonia
Fermentation of sugar to make alcohol
Haber Process Continuous needs high temperatures
Fermentation: Batch process, works at 40oC
o. Halogens Reacting with Halides

Whats the difference between halogen and halide
Can you complete these equations
2KBr + Cl2
2KCl + Br2
KBr + I2
No reaction
o. Reactivity of the Halogens

What happens to the reactivity as you go F-Cl-Br-I
Can you explain this trend
Reactivity decreases down group
As atoms get larger, they attract electrons less strongly and form
weaker covalent bonds
p. Silver Halides
Can you write equations for sodium chloride,
bromide and iodide reacting with silver nitrate
Can you write them as ionic equations
Can you give the observations for each reaction
AgNO3(aq) + NaX(aq) AgX(s) + NaNO3(aq)
Ag+(aq) + X-(aq) AgX(s)
AgCl White precipitate, AgBr cream , AgI pale yellow
q. Health and Safety Issues

Can you give the hazard symbols for corrosive,
toxic, flammable , oxidising and harmful
Can you state the safety precautions of each
hazard
Sensible answers involving protective clothing, goggles, breathing
apparatus etc
r. Uses of Chlorine and Bromine

Can you give 2 uses of bromine
Can you give 2 uses of Chlorine
Bromine Flame retardents, pesticides, in oil recovery from wells
Sterilising water, making PVC etc
s/t. Naming Halogenoalkanes

Can you name this compound
H Cl Cl Br H H
HCCCCCCH
H Cl H H H H
4-Bromo-2,2,3-trichloro hexane
u. Making a Halogenoalkane
How can you make 1-chloropropane from
propan-1-ol?
React it with concentrated HCl
v. Purifying an Organic Liquid

The 1-chloropropane prepared in the previous
slide is impure, state two steps in purifying it
Shake with water to remove water soluble impurities
then distil it
w. Halogenoalkane properties
What are the trends in the properties of
Chlorobutane, bromobutane and Iodobutane
Boiling points
Formation of radicals with UV light
Reaction with water, ammonia and hydroxide
Boiling points increase down group
They form radicals more easily down group (weaker bond)
They get more reactive down group
x. Nucleophilic Substitution
What is meant by hydrolysis?
What is meant by substitution?
What is a nucleophile, give an example
What is a carbocation, draw the structure of one
Splitting of a molecule with water
When one group swaps with another
Nucleus lover something with some negative charge
A Carbon atom with 3 bonds and a positive charge
y. Nucleophilic Substitution
Write a mechanism for the reaction between
sodium hydroxide and bromomethane
What is the product if ammonia is used instead?
H
Forms an amine -NH2
H
HO:-
C + Br H
z. Reactivity of Halogenoalkanes
Which is more polar C-Cl C-Br or C-I
C-Cl
Which bond is stronger C-Cl C-Br or C-I C-Cl

Which is more reactive, the chloro, bromo or iodo
compound?
C-I as the bond is weakest
aa. Shapes of Molecules

Show the bond angles in the molecule of ethanol
105o
109o
109o
end. Extracting Bromine

In the flow diagram below, can you say what is
happening to the Bromine in each step:
Cl2
SO2
Cl2
NaBr >>>>>>> Br2 >>>>>>> HBr >>>>>>>> Br2

Oxidation
Reduction
Oxidation
Aa. Giant Covalent Structures

Can you draw the structures of diamond, graphite
and SiO2
Diamond
Graphite
Silicon Dioxide
A a. Carbon and Silicon Dioxides

Can you draw the structures of CO2 and SiO2 and
explain why they have different properties
CO2 Simple molecule with

double bonds and weak
attraction between
molecules
SiO2 Macromolecule strong

single bonds between all the
atoms
end. Hydrated Ions

Why is water such a good solvent for ionic substances
Draw a hydrated ion of Na+ and ClBecause water is a permanently polar molecule
Na+
Cl-
end. Problems with Mineral

Extraction
Can you name 3 environmentally problematic
byproducts from metal extraction and the problems
they cause
Waste material separated during purification
Sulphur dioxide acid rain
Carbon monoxide toxic to humans
Carbon dioxide.greenhouse gas
end. Vacuum Filtration

Can you draw the apparatus for vacuum filtration
Buchner Funnel
end. Acid-Base Reactions

Which is the acid and which the base in the
reaction below:
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
Base..accepts
Proton
AcidDonates
Proton
End Flow Diagrams

Can you draw a flow diagram for making bread
Mix Flour water and yeast
Knead and place in tin,
leave to rise
Bake in Hot oven
Knead into a Dough
Leave somewhere
warm to rise
ENJOY!
end. Types of Reaction

Can you classify each of these reactions
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
Neutralisation
NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3
Precipitation
CuSO4 + Fe Cu + FeSO4
Redox
end. Extracting Metals

What are the 3 major steps in extracting a metal
from its ore
Extract and purify the metal ore
Reduce the metal ore to the metal
Purify the metal
end. Acid Base Reactions

What is the definition of an Acid?
What is the definition of a Base?
Acid = Proton Donor
Base = Proton Acceptor
Navigation Page
Elements from the Sea
Polymer Revolution
Atmosphere
End Slides
Questions on Polymer Revolution
a. Water
Can you show the bonding and shape of water
Can you show the attraction between water molecules
H
H +
O
O -
H +
H
H
O
H
b. Intermolecular Attractions
What forms of attraction are there between
molecules of
Bromine
Instantaneous Dipole/Induced Dipole
HBr
Permanent dipole/permanent dipole
H2O
Hydrogen Bonding
Explain their BP Hydrogen bonding is strongest
c. Dissolving Polymers
Dissolving polymers have OH groups, why does
this make them soluble?
If there are too many OH groups the polymer
becomes insoluble why is this?
OH Groups can hydrogen bond with water
If there are too many OH groups, they will hydrogen
bond with each other making the polymer insoluble
d. Naming Alkenes
What is the name of this alkene
H
H H
CH3
HCCC=CCH
H H
H H
Hex-3-ene
e. Recognising Functional Groups

What functional groups are represented by
C2H5OH
Alcohol
C6H5OH
Phenol
CH3CHO
Aldehyde
CH3COCH3
CH3COOH
Ketone
Carboxylic Acid
f. Types of Alcohol
Draw 3 different types of alcohol with the formula
C4H10O
O-H
O-H
O-H
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
g. Heating Under Reflux

Can you describe the technique for heating under reflux
No stopper
h. Elimination Reaction
Write an equation for the reaction of butan-2-ol
with concentrated sulphuric acid
What type of reaction is this
Why can two different products form
CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 CH3CH2CH=CH2 + H2O
Elimination
Can form but-1-ene or but-2-ene
i. Addition Polymerisation
What are the product(s) of additional Polymerisation
What type of monomer produced an addition polymer
Addition polymerisation produces only a polymer,, no coproduct
Addition polymers come from alkene monomers
i. Monomers and Polymers

Can you predict the structure of the polymer
formed from this monomer:
H
CH3
C=C
Cl
CH3
Cl
j. Reactions of Alkenes
Write equations for the reaction of ethene with
Bromine
C2H4 + Br2 CH2BrCH2Br
HBr
C2H4 + HBr CH3CH2Br
Hydrogen (Name catalyst)

C2H4 + H2 C2H6
Water(Name catalyst)
C2H4 + H2O CH3CH2OH
Nickel
Concentrated sulphuric acid
k. Alcohol Reactions
How will ethanol and phenol behave when added to
Acidified Potassium Dichromate(VI) Ethanol oxidises
Concentrated sulphuric acid
Ethanol dehydrates
l. Additions and Electrophiles

What is an addition reaction
What is an electrophile, give an example
A+ B C
Electron lover something with some positive charge

Eg
H-Br -
l. Electrophilic Addition
Write a mechanism for the reaction between Bromine and Ethene
What type of mechanism is this?
H
C=C
H
+
C C
H
Br
Br
Br
Electrophilic Addition
Carbocation
Br-
Br
H C
H
H
C
Br
m. Alkene structures
Can you draw 5 structures with the formula C4H8
Trans and cis but-2-ene
But-1-ene
Methylpropene Cyclobutane
m. Cis and Trans (Z/E) Alkenes

Can you say what type of isomerism this is
Why are the two forms different
Which form is more stable and why
Geometric Isomerism
The double bond cant rotate
The trans(E) form is more stable, methyl groups farther apart
n. Attractions Between Polymers

Can you state the intermolecular attractions between
the chains in
Instantaneous Dipole/Induced Dipole
Polyethene
Polychloroethene(PVC)
Polyhydroxyethene
Permanent dipole/permanent dipole
Hydrogen Bonding
o. Thermo and Thermosetting Plastics

What is the difference between a thermoplastic
and a thermosetting plastic
Thermoplastics can be melted because there is only weak
attraction between the chain molecules
Thermosetting polymers will not melt because there are
covalent bonds cross linking the molecules
p. Infra red Spectra

Can you Identify the key peaks in the infra red spectrum of CH3COOH
q. The Fingerprint Region

Can you Identify the fingerprint region in the spectrum and say what it is
used for
Fingerprint region: Used for comparisons
end. Accidental Discoveries

Why were the structures of early polymers
irregular and how were they improved
The polymerisation with an oxygen catalyst was a free radical
mechanism giving branched chains which do not pack together
closely, the use of better catalysts gave more regular structures
end.History of Addition Polymers

Can you describe the discovery of polyethene
Can you explain how regular polymer structures
and conducting polymers were made
Made by accident when air (catalyst) leaked into ethene
which was then compressed and polymerised
Ziegler-Natta Calaylsts (Titanium chloride) allow regular
polymer structures
Conducting polymers were found to emit light
end. Polar Molecules

Which of these molecules is/are polar
H2O
NH3
Polar
Polar
CH4
Non Polar
end. Structure and Properties

What effect will each of the following have on the
properties of a polymer
Making the chains longer
Stronger higher MP
Having side groups on the chains Less flexible

Having branched chains
Less dense
Making chains more flexible
Elastic
Cross linking chains
Thermosetting
Making structure more regular
Much Stronger
end. Crystallinity
What is meant by a crystalline area of a polymer
What effect does crystallinity have on properties
A crystalline area is where the chains are regularly packed,
There is stronger attraction here
Navigation Page
Polymer Revolution
Atmosphere
End Slides
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Questions on Atmosphere
a. Carbon and Silicon Dioxides

Can you draw the structures of CO2 and SiO2 and
explain why they have different properties
CO2 Simple molecule with

double bonds and weak
attraction between
molecules
SiO2 Macromolecule strong

single bonds between all the
atoms
b. Rates of Reaction
What has to happen for a chemical reaction to take
place?
State 4 things that can sped up a chemical reaction
Molecules must collide with sufficient energy
Increase surface area, temperature, concentration or catalyst
c. Energy Profiles
Draw an energy profile for an endothermic and an
exothermic reaction.
On the profiles, label the activation energy
E
d. Temperature and reaction Rate

Sketch a graph showing the way temperature
affects reaction rate
Explain the shape of the graph you have drawn
Increasing the temperature
dramatically increases the
number of particles with
sufficient energy (activation
energy) to react
e. Catalysts
How does a catalyst speed up a chemical reaction?
Show this on the reaction profile
By Providing a reaction pathway needing less activation energy
E
f. Intermediates in Catalysis
Can you explain and illustrate the role of intermediated in
Homogeneous catalysis
In the Reaction A+ B products if the Catalyst is C then
The reaction is A _ C AC then AC +_ B Product + C
AC is the intermediate, it is the small dip in the catalised reaction
profile
Intermediate
g. Dynamic Equilibrium
If a reaction is in Dynamic Equilibium
What is meant by the term dynamic?
What is meant by the term equilibrium?
Dynamic, means continually going on
Equilibrium means the reaction is going forwards and
backwards at the same rate so there is no net change in
concentration
h. Carbon Dioxide and Water

Write an equation for carbon dioxide dissolving in
water
Write an equation for carbon dioxide reacting with
water
CO2(g) CO2 (aq)
CO2 (aq) +
H2O (l)
H+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq)
h.Le Chateliers Principle

For the Exothermic Reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Describe and explain the effects on the equilibrium of
Increasing the concentration of the nitrogen
Increasing the temperature
Increasing the pressure
Moves equilibrium to right to lower [N2]
Moves equilibrium to left (to lower temperature of exothermic reaction)
Move equilibrium to right to lower pressure 4 mols of gas go to 3 mols
i. Composition of the Atmosphere

What the the three major gases in the atmosphere
Name three gases found naturally in trace amounts
Name three pollutant gases
Nitrogen Oxygen Argon
Carbon Dioxide Krypton
Neon
Sulphur dioxide Nitrogen dioxide Methane
j. ppm
Carbon dioxide makes up 0.037% of the
atmosphere, what is this in Parts per million?
To turn % to ppm, multiply by 10000
0.037 x 10000 = 370ppm
k. Ozone
O
O

What is the structure of an ozone molecule
How is ozone formed in the atmosphere?
How is ozone naturally destroyed in the
atmosphere?
Formation O2 O* + O*
Destruction O3 O* +
O* + O2 O3
O2
O* + O* O2
l. Understanding Ozone Depletion

Can you explain how and where depletion of the ozone was first
noticed and what it was attributed to
The ozone depletion was notices near the north and south poled
by measuring infra red absorption of the bond in ozone. It was
immediately accepted that it was caused by chlorine radicals from
CFCs
m. Homolytic and Heterolytic Fission

What happens in heterolytic bond fission?
What happens in homolytic bond fission?
What can cause homolytic fission?
Both electrons go to one atom
One electron goes to each atom
UV light or very high temperatures
n. Steps in a Radical Reaction

What is the first step which forms the radicals
called?
Initiation
What name is given to the steps which spread the
chain reaction?
Propagation
What name is given to steps where 2 radicals join?
Termination
o. Alkanes reacting with Halogens

CH4 + Br2 CH3Br + HBr Free Radical Substitution (UV light)

Give an overall equation for methane reacting with bromine
State the reaction conditions and name the mechanism
Give the 4 steps of the reaction naming each step
Explain why C2H6 and CH2Br2 form as byproducts
Br2 2Br*
Br* + CH4 CH3* + HBr
CH3* + Br2 CH3Br + Br*
Br* + Br* Br2
CH3* + CH3* C2H6
CH3Br + Br* CH2Br* + HBr
p. CFCs
Give 3 uses of CFCs
What 2 properties made them so useful?
Aerosols, fridges and solvents
Unreactive and very volatile
p.Replacing CFCs
CFCs can be replaced by HCFCs, HFCs or alkanes
Explain what these three compounds are
Give an advantage of each one
Give a disadvantage of each one
Hydrochloroflurocarbon Hydrofluorocarbon
Hydrocarbon
None is ozone depleting

Expensive
Expensive
Flammable
q. Protection by Ozone
How does the ozone layer protect us?
By absorbing UV light (in the process ozone is
destroyed, but more is formed)
q. Depletion of the Ozone Layer

How do CFCs cause ozone depletion?
CFCs form Cl* radicals in the stratosphere
Cl* + O3
ClO + O2
ClO + O Cl* + O2
r. Missing the Ozone Hole

Why did the Americans at first miss the evidence for the hole in
the ozone Layer
They used satellites to measure the ozone concentrations
But they programmed the computers to reject any unusual results
s. Quantised Energy
What is a quantum of energy?
What forms of energy in a molecule are quantised?
A quantum, is the smallest allowed amount of energy a particle can have
Electron energy levels, vibrations and rotations are all quantised
t. Energy and Molecules

What effect does microwave radiation have on
molecules? Makes molecules rotate and heat up
What effect does Infra red radiation have on
bonds?
Makes bonds vibrate
What effect does ultra violet radiation have on
bonds?
Makes bonds break
u. Frequency and Energy of Radiation

What is the link between the energy of radiation
and its frequency?
E = hf
v. Homogeneous Catalysis
What two steps are needed for a homogeneous
catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction?
Catalyst joins to chemical forming an intermediate
Catalyst breaks off so it can react again
v. Greenhouse Effect
Explain the causes of the greenhouse effect
What are some of the consequences of the
greenhouse effect?
Visible and ultra violet light passes through the atmosphere
and is re-emitted as infra red radiation.Carbon dioxide
molecules absorb infra red radiation and prevent it
escaping back into space.
Global warming, rise in sea levels, climate change
w.Greenhouse Gases and Global

Warming
What is the link between changes in Carbon dioxide levels in the
atmosphere and global temperatures
Carbon dioxide levels are
increasing, global
temperature levels are
rising, the two are
probably linked with the
CO2 level rise causing the
temperature rise
x. Controlling Global Warming

What steps can be taken to reduce carbon dioxide
build-up?
Burn less fossil fuel
Replace trees that have been chopped down or increase
photosynthesis in the seas
Capture the CO2, solidify and store under the oceans
end. Radicals
How are radicals formed?
Homolytic Fission
What conditions are needed
UV light, high temp
What are radicals like?
Have odd electrons
How do radicals react?
Chain reactions with

the first thing they hit
end. Halogenoalkanes
Draw two structures of halogenoalkanes with 3
carbons and a bromine atom
CH3CH2CH2Br
CH3CHBrCH3
end. Effects of Radiation

Given these data, predict whether you can get a
sun tan under water and behind glass:
Frequency of UV Radiation: 8-11 x 1014 Hz
Water Absorbs above 16 x 1014
Glass absorbs above 9 x 1014
Glass absorbs UV but water does not
Navigation Page
Polymer Revolution
Atmosphere
End Slides
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The Dronfield School

The first step to knowledge..

Classifying your Knowledge..

Things you can do

Things you could do

Things you cant

understand but need

Even with the

You now know

Even the longest journey.

..must start with a single step

..we have about 50 steps

Questions on Elements from the Sea

No of moles = volume x molarity / 1000 = 15 x 0.2/1000 = 0.003

H+(aq)+ OH-(aq) H2O(l)

Moles of H2SO4 = 15 x 0.15/1000 = 0.00225

Equation H2SO4 + 2NaOH

0.0045 moles of NaOH in 25cm3

Molarity of NaOH = 0.0045 x 1000/25 = 0.18M (Sig Fig)

c. Electron Sub levels

d. Writing Electron Configurations

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s0 3d6

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10

Shape Trigonal pyramid

f. Polar Covalent Bonds

K+ O2- O2- O2- so its I +5

i. Oxidation and Reduction

j. Half and full equations

H2SO4 + 2H+ + 2e-

MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ + 4H2O

5H2SO4 + 10H+ + 10e- + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O

k. The Blocks of the Periodic

o. Halogens Reacting with Halides

o. Reactivity of the Halogens

q. Health and Safety Issues

r. Uses of Chlorine and Bromine

s/t. Naming Halogenoalkanes

v. Purifying an Organic Liquid

Which bond is stronger C-Cl C-Br or C-I C-Cl

aa. Shapes of Molecules

end. Extracting Bromine

NaBr >>>>>>> Br2 >>>>>>> HBr >>>>>>>> Br2

Aa. Giant Covalent Structures

A a. Carbon and Silicon Dioxides

CO2 Simple molecule with

SiO2 Macromolecule strong

end. Hydrated Ions

end. Problems with Mineral

end. Vacuum Filtration

end. Acid-Base Reactions

End Flow Diagrams

Bake in Hot oven

Knead into a Dough

end. Types of Reaction

NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3

end. Extracting Metals

end. Acid Base Reactions

Base = Proton Acceptor

Questions on Polymer Revolution

Instantaneous Dipole/Induced Dipole