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Preview of Talk
Idea: Communication delays in WAMS due to the
usage of phasor measurement units (PMUs).
Motivation: The use of innovative techniques like
PMUs in wide area protection systems in a
deregulated power industry.
Technique: PMU processing time, PMU data format
(IEEE 1344) length, and communication link
involved.
Economics:
WAP is an appropriate system for business support in an unbundled and
open-access utility environment.
WAP is designed for an open-access market where production and
transmission patterns will more often change than in a closed market.
WAP creates maximum profitability by reducing downtime and by
optimizing system performance.
PMU
PHASOR DATA
CONCENTRATOR
PMU
COMMUNICATION
LINK
APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
PMU
Analog power
signal
ANTI-ALIASING
FILTER
GPS RECEIVER
ANALOG TO
DIGITAL
CONVERTER
Phasor
Data
MICROPROCESSOR
Communication port
PMU Facts
PMU uses discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
to obtain the fundamental frequency
components of voltage / current.
Data samples are taken over one cycle /
multiple cycles.
Currently, sampling is done at 12
samples/cycle (IEEE C37.111 Std.).
Resolution of the A / D converter is 16 bits.
2
X
N
j 2 k / N
x
e
k
k 1
1
2
X1 ( X a aX b a X c )
3
ae
j 2
3
Applications of PMUs
State estimation
Instability prediction
Adaptive relaying
Improved control of power systems
Header frame
Identification information about the PMU
Configuration frame
Number of phasors and digital channels
IEEE 1344
Type of
frame
Nature of data
Average length
(bits)
Data Frame
Phasor information
Channel digital input data
Trigger status of frequency, angle,
Over-current, under-voltage
Rate of frequency change
640
Header Frame
200
Configuration
Frame
PMU information
Number of phasors and channels
Nominal line frequency
Transmission period of phasors
2800
Communication Options
Telephone lines
Fiber-optic cables
Satellites
Power lines
Microwave links
Delay Calculations
The total delay can be expressed as:
L
f p
R
f
p
L
R
fixed delay
link propagation delay
amount of data transmitted
data rate of the link
associated random delay jitter
Delay Calculations
Fixed delay
Delay due to processing, DFT, multiplexing and data
concentration
Independent of communication medium used
Estimated to be around 75 ms
Propagation delay
Function of the communication link and physical
separation
Ranges from 25 ms in case of fiber-optic cables to
200 ms in case of low earth orbiting (LEO) satellites
Delay Calculations
The data length L of the PMU message is assumed
to be around 3640 bits (including data, header and
configuration frames)
The data rate R is assumed to be around 33.6 kbps
for telephone lines and power lines. The data rate
R, for fiber-optic cables and microwave links, is
considered to be infinity for all practical purposes
Fiber-optic cables
~ 100-150
Microwave links
~ 100-150
~ 150-350
Telephone lines
~ 200-300
Satellite link
~ 500-700
Conclusion
Communication delays play an important role in
determining the effectiveness of control
procedures
Delay parameters presented can be integrated with
power systems design and analysis.
Distributed control with outdated measurements.