CCNA 1 v3.

0 Module 2
Networking Fundamentals

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Objectives

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Data Networks

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Network History

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Network History continued

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Networking Devices

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Network Topology

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Protocols

Protocol - a formal description of a

set of rules and conventions that
govern a particular aspect of how
devices on a network communicate.

Protocol suite - collection of

protocols that enable network
communication from one host
through the network to another
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Protocols
Protocols control all aspects of data
communication, which include the following:
-How the physical network is built
-How computers connect to the network
-How the data is formatted for transmission
-How that data is sent
-How to deal with errors

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Network Protocols

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Local-area Networks (LANs)

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Wide-area Networks (WANs)

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Metropolitan-Area Network (MANs)

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Storage-Area Networks (SANS)

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Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)

is a network that uses a public
telecommunication infrastructure,
such as the Internet, to provide
remote offices or individual users
with secure access to their
organization's network.

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A VPN supplies
network
connectivity over
a possibly long
physical distance.
In this respect, a
VPN is a form
of Wide Area
Network (WAN).

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Intranet and Extranet VPN

a local or restricted communications network,

especially a private network created using
World Wide Web software.
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an intranet that can be

partially accessed by
authorized outside users,
enabling businesses to
exchange information over
the Internet in a secure way.
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Importance of Bandwidth

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Bandwidth Pipe Analogy

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Bandwidth Highway Analogy

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Bandwidth Measurements

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Bandwidth Limitations

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Bandwidth Throughput
refers to the volume of data that can
flow through a network.

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Digital Transfer Calculation

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Digital versus Analog

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Digital versus Analog

Analog bandwidth - measured by how
much of the electromagnetic spectrum
is occupied by each signal. Unit: hertz
(Hz)
Digital bandwidth - all information is
sent as bits, regardless of the kind of
information it is. Voice, video, and
data all become streams of bits when
they are prepared for transmission
over digital media. (bps)

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Layering

The concept of layers is used to

describe communication from one
computer to another.

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Using Layers to Analyze Problems

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Using Layers to Describe Data Communication

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Peer-to-peer Communication

Layer x on the source computer

only communicates with layer x
on the receiving end.

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OSI Reference Model

A descriptive network model
released in 1984 by the ISO which
provided vendors with a set of
standards to ensure greater
compatibility and interoperability
among various network
technologies produced by
companies around the world.

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OSI Model

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

Provides connectivity and path selection between two host

Provides Logical address
No error correction, best effort delivery.

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

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OSI Layers

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Peer-to-Peer Communication

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TCP/IP Model

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Similarities

Both have layers.

Both have application layers, though they

include very different services.
Both have comparable
network layers.

transport

Both models need to be

networking professionals.

known

and
by

Both assume packets are switched.

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Differences
TCP/IP
session
layer.

combines the presentation and

layer issues into its application

TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and

physical layers into the network access
layer.
TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer
layers.
TCP/IP protocols are the standards around
which the Internet developed, so the TCP/IP
model gains credibility just because of its
protocols.
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Encapsulation

Wrapping of data in a particular

protocol header.

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Encapsulation

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Names for Data at Each Layer

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Summary

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