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UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommucation System) Overview

FeaturesHigh quality Speech ( Wideband speech) A new wideband AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) codec to increase the quality
of speech over UMTS.
High Speed Packet Access With HSDPA (high speed downlink packet access) and HSUPA (high speed uplink
packet access) a peak data rate of 10.2Mbit/sec in the download direction. Further improvements to the radio network
and user devices will be able to offer user peak rates in the download direction of 3.6Mbit/sec.
Handover to GSM/GPRS Voice calls and data traffic can be transferred between GSM and UMTS seamlessly.
Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) It allows the transfer of multimedia messages between users without the
requirement for the multimedia messages to be transferred in real-time.
Multimedia Telephony for IMS This uses IMS to offer telephony services such as video, text, picture sharing, video
clip sharing etc.
IP-based multimedia core network subsystem (IMS) This provides support for IP multimedia sessions in a flexible
manner to allow new multimedia products and services to be offered. The IMS can use both the GPRS and UMTS radio
access technologies.
Operation in other frequency bands - In addition to the 2GHz band, UMTS can also operate in the 810MHz;
900MHz; 1700MHz and 2.6GHz bands.
End to end Quality of Service Quality of Service management for the Packet Switched (PS) domain including the
IMS and the radio interface.
MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service) This allows information such as streamed audio and video to be
sent over one radio channel to many customers simultaneously.
Wireless LAN inter-working This allows connection to the core network using WLAN as well as the usual
GSM/UMTS radio access.
Network Selection Network operators/users can select best network for their needs while roaming.

Major UMTS Components


The UMTS Release 99 architecture is composed of three components-

User Equipment (UE) :


UMTS mobile station can operate simultaneously in both Packet Switched (PS)/Circuit Switched (CS) mode or only any one of them.
It is composed of Universal Subscriber Identity Module-card (USIM-card), the radio equipment (receiver-transceiver), the Man-Machine Interface (MMI)
(support for multimedia, WAP, and other services) and Battery.

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) :


UMTS radio access infrastructure is called UTRAN. It uses Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA ) radio technology for air interface to
communicate with UE.

Core Network (CN) :


It provide switching, routing and transit for user traffic. It also contains the databases and network management functions.

Core Network is split into the following domains:


CS domain
The CS domain is an evolution of GSM, with substitution of the Iu-CS interface for the A
interface and relocation of the transcoders to the CN side of the Iu-CS interface.
The CS domain uses 64 kbps Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) channels. This domain
provides a similar set of services as those provided by GSM.
PS domain
The PS domain is based on GPRS, with substitution of the Iu-PS interface for the Gb
interface.
The most significant addition is a viable architecture for the Quality of Service (QoS). This
architecture is essential for the support of voice and other real-time media services on the PS
domain.
Other efficiency improvements have been made to the GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) and
to mobility mechanisms. These changes are designed to make real-time services viable over
a packet infrastructure.

Major Components
Core Network is split into the following domains:
CS (Circuit Switch) domain It uses 64 kbps Time Division Multiplexed (TDM)
channels. This domain provides a similar set of
services as those provided by GSM.
It uses Iu-CS interface as A interface in GSM.
PS (packet switch) domain The PS domain is based on GPRS, with substitution
of the Iu-PS interface for the Gb interface.

UTRAN overview
It is composed of one or more RNS connected to
core network through IuCS/IuPS interface.
UMTS Core Network
(UCN)

IuCS
UTRAN

IuPS
RANAP

RANAP

RNS

Iur
(logical connection)

RNC

Iub

Node B

cell

cell
Uu
UE

AP
NB

Node B

RNC

P
A
B
N Iub

AP
NB

P
BA
N
Iub

RNS

RNSAP

Iub

Node B

cell

Node B

cell

Uu

UE

UTRAN Components
Node B
A Node B is responsible for radio transmission/reception in one or more
cells to/from the user equipment. It can support Frequency Division
Duplex (FDD) mode, Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode or dual-mode
operation. It provides the following interfaces Iub interface towards the UMTS RNC
Uu interface towards the UE
RNC
The RNC is the central element in the UTRAN. Its main function is to
control and manage the RAN(Radio Access Network) and the radio
channels. For each connection between a UE and the UTRAN, there is
one serving RNS. A drift RNS supports the serving RNS by providing
radio resources.

UTRAN Functionalities
The UTRAN provides the following functions:
Transfer of user data
Provides user data transfer capability across the UTRAN between the Iu and
Uu reference points.
Radio channel ciphering and deciphering
Provides Ciphering and deciphering services for radio channel sessiondependent key, derived through signaling and/or session dependent
information.
Services related to Broadcast and Multicast traffic
Provides Broadcast and Multicast Information distribution and flow control
CBS status reporting
RNC collects status data per cell (No-of-Broadcast-Completed-List, RadioResource-Loading-List) and provides to CBC if requested.
Data volume reporting - reports the volume of unacknowledged data to
the CN for accounting purpose.

UTRAN Functionalities
Functions related to overall system access control
Admission control
The purpose of the admission control is to admit or deny new users, new
radio access bearers or new radio links.
Congestion control
The task of congestion control is to monitor, detect and handle situations
when the system is reaching a near overload or an overload situation
with the already connected users.
System information broadcasting
This function provides the mobile station with the Access Stratum and
Non-Access Stratum information. The basic control and synchronization
of this function is done in UTRAN.

UTRAN Functionalities
Functions related to mobility
Handover
This function is based on radio measurements. It manages the mobility
of the radio interface and maintains the Quality of Service(QOS)
negotiated between the UE and the CN.
SRNS Relocation
The SRNS relocation function coordinates the activities when the SRNS
role is to be taken over by another RNS.
Paging support
This function provides the Core Network with the ability to contact the
UE when it is in the PLMN_IDLE state
Positioning
This function provides the capability to determine the geographic
position of a UE.

UTRAN Functionalities
Functions related to radio resource management and control
Radio resource management is concerned with the allocation and
maintenance of radio communication resources.
Radio resource configuration and operation
It configures the radio network resources (cells ,transport channels)
Radio environment survey
It performs measurements on radio channels.
combining/splitting control
It controls the combining/splitting of information streams through cells
connection set-up and release
It is responsible for the control of connection element set-up and release.
Allocation and deallocation of radio bearers
It translates the connection element set-up or release requests into
physical radio channel allocation or deallocation.

UTRAN Functionalities
RF power control
This group of functions controls the level of the transmitted power to
minimize interference and keep the quality of the connections.
Radio channel coding
It provides functions for detection or correction of signal errors
introduced by the transmission medium.
Radio channel decoding
It provides channel coding function to detect or correct possible errors in
the received data flow.
Initial (random) access detection and handling
It provides functions that has the ability to detect an initial access
attempt from a mobile station and respond appropriately.

CoreNetwork Overview
It provides functions that has the ability to detect an initial access
attempt from a mobile station and respond appropriately.
The UMTS Core Network is split into a circuit-switched (CS) domain
and a packet-switched (PS) domain
CCN :
The circuit-switched domain of the UMTS PLMN is called the Circuit
Core Network (CCN). The CCN performs the main circuit switching
functions and manages the following:
communication among UMTS UE
communication between UMTS UE and users in other networks
Major circuit-switched components
Transcoder and Rate Adaptation Unit (TRAU)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)

CoreNetwork Overview
TRAU
The TRAU is a device that takes UMTS speech packets as input and it
converts them into standard ISDN 64 kbps speech flow.
MSC
The MSC is responsible for circuit domain call processing and circuitswitched data. It coordinates the setup of calls to and from all UMTS
subscribers operating in its area. It controls the paging function
(incoming calls) and performs ticketing on calls for all subscribers based
in its area. The MSC transfers encryption parameters from Visitor
Location Registers (VLR) to the UTRAN to enable ciphering on the
radio interface.
HLR
It is a network database used for permanent management of mobile
subscribers within a PLMN. It is accessible from the 3G-SGSN and the
MSC.

CoreNetwork Overview
Packet-switched domain
The packet-switched domain contains the following major components:
3G-Serving GPRS Support Node (3G-SGSN)
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
3G-SGSN
The 3G-SGSN requests location information from the HLR through the
Gr interface. It performs setup and routing of data sessions.
GGSN
provides the point of interconnection with external Packet Data
Networks (PDN) for Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMN) supporting
UMTS. This interconnection utilizes the Gi interface. The GGSN stores
routing information for attached UMTS users. The routing information is
used to tunnel Protocol Data Units (PDU) to the current 3G-SGSN
serving the MS(UE).

CoreNetwork Overview
Other Core Network elements
VLR (Visitor Location Register)
The VLR contains all subscriber data required for call handling for the mobile subscribers currently located in the area
controlled by it.
AuC (Authentication Center)
It is a database that contains secret subscriber keys and security algorithms. It generates security information for
authentication and ciphering.
EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
It is a database that stores IMEIs used within a GSM or UMTS network. Additionally, the register may store the status
of said IMEI (classified as "white listed", "gray listed" or "black listed").
SMS Gateway MSC
It acts as an interface between a Short Message Service Center and the PLMN. Short messages can so be delivered to
mobile stations from the Service Center (SC).
SMS Interworking MSC
It acts as an interface between a Short Message Service Center and the PLMN.
IWF (Interworking Function)
It provides the functionality necessary for interworking between a PLMN and the fixed networks (ISDN, PSTN and
PDNs).
DNS (Domain Name Service) Server
It translates between Fully Qualified Domain Names and IP address. It translates the Access Point Names requested by
the subscribers to the IP address of the access point.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ) Server
It assigns IP addresses as required.

Protocols
Uu Air interface between a nodeB and UE.
Iub -Interface between an RNC and its nodeBs.
Iur - Interface between two RNCs support specific functions such as handover.
Iupc - Interface between an RNC and a SAS (Stand-alone A-GPS SMLC) within the UTRAN.
Iu-CS - Circuit switched variant of the Iu interface.
Iu PS - Packet switched variant of the Iu interface.
B - Interface between the GSM/UMTS MSC and the VLR.
C - Interface between the GSM/UMTS MSC and the HLR.
D - Interface between the HLR and VLR.
E - Interface between the GSM/UMTS MSC and the VLR.
F - Interface between the Nortel GSM/UMTS MSC and the EIR.
G - Interface between VLRs using MAP/TCAP signaling over CCS7 SCCP and MTP.
Ga - interface between 3G-SGSN and the Charging Gateway Function (CGF) for billing.
Ge - Interface between SGSN and the SCP for CAMEL Phase III.
Gf - Interface between SGSN and EIR.
Gi - Interface between GGSN and the external network.
Gn - Interface between 3G-SGSN and GGSN, between different 3G-SGSNs in same PLMN.
Gp - Interface between 3G-SGSN and SGSN in different PLMNs. It is used for inter-PLMN.
Gr - Interface between the 3G-SGSN and the HLR.
X1 - A set of three interfaces (X1-1 Administration, X1-2 Intercept Related Information, X1-3
Communication Content) between a network and a Lawful Intercept Delivery Domain.

UMTS traffic classes

The UMTS network services have different QoS classes for four types of traffic:
conversational class
The conversational class is the typical class for speech telephony. The conversational call is
the most demanding class for transfer delays (the maximum affordable value is given by
human perception).
streaming class
The streaming class has the same real-time constraints as the conversational class.
However, since it is a one-way class of service (the user is just listening or viewing) the
streaming class is less transfer-delay sensitive than the conversational class.
interactive class
The interactive class is not as real-time constraining as the conversational and streaming
classes. However, the interactive class requires a very low bit-error rate.
background class
The background class is equivalent to the interactive class. The difference between the two
classes is that the background class is less delivery-time sensitive and has a lower priority.

UMTS Base Stations (NodeB)

Femto Cell It is a small, low-power cellular base station designed for use in a
home or small business. It connects to the service providers network via broadband
(such as DSL or cable).
Pico Cell - It is capable of providing services to UE within a building.it is used to
extend coverage to indoor areas where outdoor signals do not reach well or to add
network capacity in areas with very dense phone usage.
Micro Cell - It is served by a low power cellular base station (tower), covering a
limited area such as a mall, a hotel, or a transportation hub. A microcell uses power
control to limit the radius of its coverage area.
Macro Cell It is served by a high power cellular base station (tower) covering
larger than microcell. The antennae for macrocells are mounted on ground-based
masts, rooftops and other existing structures. It is capable of providing services to
UE within a city.

UMTS Numbers
UMTS PLMN (Public Land Mobile Networks) use unique numbers to identify and route calls to UE. The
numbers used in UMTS are described as below IMEI - The International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) uniquely identifies the mobile equipment.
MSISDN - The Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network (MSISDN) number is the unique phone
number that consists of Country Code + National Destination Code + Subscriber
Number. MSISDNs are allocated according to the CCITT E.164 numbering plan.
IMSI - The International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is a unique identification of the subscriber. It is
stored in the SIM (see below) and Home Location Register (HLR). IMSIs are allocated according to CCITT
E.212.
TMSI - The Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) is a unique identity temporarily allocated to visiting
UE. The TMSI identifies the UE within a specific VLR as part of the confidentiality service. The TMSI is used in
the Circuit Switched (CS) domain.
P-TMSI - The P-TMSI (Packet-Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) is equivalent to the TMSI, for the Packet
Switched (PS) domain.
MSRN - The Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number (MSRN) is temporarily assigned to the UE while roaming and
is used to terminate calls to the UE.

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