PORT MANAGEMENT

AN OVERVIEW

By:
M.M.KAMATH
Former Chief Engineer, New Mangalore Port

SHIP TONS
(WEIGHT)
Load displacement
Light displacement
Deadweight dwt

(CAPACITY)
Gross Tonnage GT
Net Tonnage NT

A MODEL PORT

SOME COMPARISONS OF MODAL COSTS

Mode
Sea

Commodity and route

Capesize with iron ore
from Ausralia to
Rotterdam

Air

Australia to Europe

Rail

Coal by rail in the USA

US cents per
tonne / mile
0.067

12.0
2.17

COMPARISON OF TRANSPORT MODES

Mode

Average
Energy
efficiency Speed haul
index
(USA)

Deaths
per 100
million
passen
ger
miles

Date
introduc
ed

Vehicl
e life
years

Air

400*

1,000

0.23

1958(Jet)

22

Truck

15

55*

265

2.4

1920

10

Rail

50

20
(200)

500

0.1

1830
(1970)

20

Barge

64

5.5

330

Very small

17th C

50

Pipeline

75

4.5

300

Negligible

1856
(1970)

Ship
(Liner)

100

16.5

1,500

Small

1870
(1970)

15

* In the speed column the figures are specific to the USA

EFFECT OF PORT TIME ON SHIPS SPEED

Ships Port Time
Speed
(Days)
(Knots)

Voyage
Time
(Days)

Total % Change
Time
by
(Days) Increasing
Speed

10

30

10

40

20

30

35

10

10

11

20

12.5

45.5

POINTS OF VIEW FOR CHOICE OF PORT

Description

Percentage

Geographical Position

Frequency of Departure

Personal Relation

Cargo Volume

12

Cargo Handling Cost

12

Quality of Service

17

Transport Cost

35

WHAT SHIPPERS WANT MOST

On time Delivery
Overall Responsiveness
Price
On Time Pickup
Transit Time
Service Territory
Billing Accuracy
Correct Equipment
Degree of Control
Claims Processing

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Tracing Capacity

11

TOTAL COST IN TRANSPORT CHAIN

PRE CARRIAGE

26%

PORT HANDLING
SEA FREIGHT
PORT HANDLING
ON CARRIAGE

7%
37%
9%
21%

THE BREAK UP OF SHIPS COST AT A PORT

Cost of marine facilities

5%

Cost of shore facilities

10%

Cost of cargo handling at shore

25%

Cost of cargo handling on board

25%

Ships time in particular

35%

NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

TRANSIT MARKS

TRANSIT TOWER

NAVIGATIONAL BUOY

VESSEL TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

VESSEL TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

CLASSIFICATION OF PORTS
The American Association of Port Authorities
classify the ports under the following three
groups based on their functional requirements

Land lord Ports

Tool Ports

Operating Ports

PORT AUTHORITY RESPONSIBILITIES

Port Type

Infrastructure Superstructure

Stevedoring

Landlord

Yes

No

No

Tool

Yes

Yes

No

Service

Yes

Yes

Yes

India has a long coast line of about

7640 km, out of which 2650 km is on the
East Coast and 3360 km on the West
Coast and the balance in Andaman
Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands.

In the Indian Context the Ports are

Classified as:
Major
Non Major

NEW MANGALORE

FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF MAJOR PORTS OF INDIA

LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY MAJOR PORTS

PORT LOCATION

ENTRANCE CHANNEL

Latitu Longi Distance

de
tude from
harbour
entrance
(in km)

TURNING
CIRCLE

TYPE OF
DOCK/PORT

Minim
um
depth
(in
mtrs.)

Minim
um
Width
(in m)

Nu Diam
mbe eter
r
(in m)

Riverine with
impounded
docks and
river side jetty

Kolkat 22
a
33N

88
19E

232

3.5

200

190 /
288

Riverine with
impounded
docks and
river side jetty

Haldia 20
02N
Parad 20
ip
15N

88
06E
86
40E

115

6.7

467

549

-do-

2.0

12.8

160

520

Artificial
lagoon port

Visak
hapat
nam
-IH
-OH

Natural
harbour
2.2
0.4

10.7
17.5

94.122 1
200
1

366
610

17
41N

83
18E

Ennor 13
e
15
30N
Chen 13
nai
06N

80
21E

3.775

16.0

250

600

Artificial
harbour

80
18E

6.7

IH
18.6
OH
19.2

244

548

Artificial
harbour with
wet docks

Tutico 8
rin
45N
Cochi 9
n
58N
New
12
Mang 5N
alore

78
13E

4.0

10.4

162

488

Artificial
harbour

76
14E

10.5

11.8

185

260

Lagoon port

74
48E

7.5

15.4

245

570

Artificial
lagoon port

Morm
ugao

25
15N

73
47E

5.0

13.1

250

480

Open
protected
harbour

Mumb 18
ai
54N

72
49E

9.6

10.9

366

366

Natural
harbour with
impounded
wet docks

18
56.4
3N
23
01N
--

72
56.
24E
70
13E

17.0

11.0

350

--

--

All weather
tidal port

25.0

4.6

200

--

--

Estuary port

8.0

23.5

1500

--

--

Single buoy
mooring (offshore oil
terminal)

JNPT

Kandl
a
Vadin
ar
(Oot)

Note: IH:Harbour up to Dufferin Light. OH:Outer Harbour beyond Dufferin Light

Source: Major Ports of India A Profile 2003-04, Indian Ports Association,
New Delhi.

DECLARATION OF MAJOR PORTS

NAME OF THE
MAJOR PORT

MARINTIME
STATE

DECLARED AS
A
MAJOR PORT

Calcutta

West Bengal

1870

Bombay

Maharashtra

1875

Tamil Nadu

1881

Visakhapatnam

Andra Pradesh

1933

Cochin

Kerala

1936

Kandla

Gujarat

1959

Mormugoa

Goa

1963

Madras

Paradeep

New Mangalore

Tuticorin

Orissa

1967

Karnataka

1974

Tamil Nadu

1974

West Bengal

1977

Jawaharlal Nehru

Maharashtra

1989

Ennore

Tamil Nadu

1999

Haldia

MAJOR AND NON MAJOR PORTS OF INDIA

Maritime

LENGTH OF THE COASTLINE

BELONGING TO EACH
MARITIME STATE OF INDIA

State Length of Coastline in km

Gujarat (including Daman & Diu)

1700

Maharashtra

720

Goa

104

Karnataka

280

Kerala

560

Tamilnadu (including Pondichery)

980

Andhra Pradesh

960

Orissa

432

West Bengal

280

Andaman and Nicobar islands

(approx)

1500

Lakshadweep islands (approx)

120

STATEMENTWISE DISTRIBUTION OF
INTERMEDIATE AND MINOR PORTS
STATE

INTERMEDIATE

MINOR

Gujarat

11

28

Maharashtra

46

Goa Daman Diu

---

Karnataka

11

Kerala

10

Tamil Nadu

Andhra Pradesh

Orissa

Pondicherry

Total

23

114

Statutes Applicable to the Major Ports

Indian Ports Act 1908
Indian Major Port Trusts Act 1963
Dock Workers (Regulation & Employment) Act
1948
Dock Workers (Safety, Health & Welfare) Act
1986
Merchant Shipping Act 1958
Industrial Dispute Act
Customs Act 1962

TRAFFIC HANDLED AT MAJOR PORTS

(Million Tonnes)
Sl. No.

Port

2003-04

2004-05 (P)

Kolkata

8.69

9.94

Haldia

32.57

36.21

Paradip

25.31

31.10

Visakhapatnam

47.74

50.15

Chennai

36.71

43.81

Ennore

9.28

9.48

Tuticorin

13.68

15.81

Cochin

13.57

14.10

New Mangalore

26.67

33.89

10

Mormugoa

27.87

30.66

11

J.L.Nehru

31.19

32.81

12

Mumbai

30.00

35.13

13

Kandla

41.52

41.54

All ports

344.80

383.63

(P) : Provisional
Source: Major Ports / IPA

GROWTH OF TRAFFIC IN
MAJOR AND NON-MAJOR PORTS OF INDIA
1961

1981

Years
2001 2002

Major Ports 33.13

80.27

281.11 287.6

313.6

344.8

9.40

6.73

86.90 96.27

105.2

115.3

42.53

87.00

368.01 383.85 418.8

460.1

Ports

Minor Ports
Total

2003

2004

CAPACITY OF MAJOR PORTS

AS ON 31-3-2004
Sl. No. Port

CAPACITY
(in million tonnes)

CALCUTTA
/ HALDIA

9.80
34.10

PARADIP

39.00

VISAKHAPATNAM

49.15

CHENNAI

41.85

TUTICORIN

15.80

COCHIN

15.50

NEW MANGALORE

30.30

MORMUGAO

23.50

JAWAHARLAL
NEHRU

33.10

10

MUMBAI

40.40

11

KANDLA

45.00

TOTAL

377.50

COMMODITY-WISE CAPACITY OF
MAJOR PORTS AS ON 31-3-2004
SL.NO.

COMMODITY

CAPACITY
(In million tonnes)

POL

154.85

IRON ORE

51.00

COAL
a) THERMAL
b) COKING

44.20

FERTILIZERS(INCL.
RAW. MAT.)

4.10

CONTAINERS

49.55

OTHER BREAK BULK

85.80

TOTAL

389.50

PORT ADMINISTRATION
The Port Administration is responsible for:
Efficiency of operation
Proper maintenance and upkeep of the
physical property
Adequate financing of Port improvements
Allotment of tasks to be performed by the
labour

MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman

:C.E.O of the Port

Dy. Chairman

:Assist Chairman

Chief Engineer (Civil)

:Civil Engineering

Chief Mechanical Engineer :Mechanical

Electrical and
Marine
Engineering

Traffic Manager

:Cargo operations

Railway Manager

:Railway operations (in some ports

this is looked after by the Traffic
manager)

Deputy Conservator/
Marine Director

: Pilotage and Marine activities

including dredging except in
Madras and New Mangalore Port.

Secretary

: Boardss subjects (in

some Ports, legal,
industrial

relations and

public

relations are also

looked

after)
Industrial Relations Manager

: Industrial

relations
Legal Adviser
Financial adviser and

: Legal matters
: Finance, Accounts

Chief Medical Officer

: Medical

Port Security Officer

: Security

Director (Planning &

Research)

: Management
Systems

Estate Manager

: Estate Management

PORT OPERATIONS
The Port operations can be broadly
grouped

under

the

following

disciplines:

Marine

Traffic

Engineering and

Security, Safety & Services

four

MARINE OPERATIONS
The marine operations include:

Pilotage and Towage

Navigation

Conservancy (Dredging)

TRAFFIC OPERATIONS
The traffic operations mainly relate to :
Cargo Handling
Stevedoring
Marketing
Infrastructural facilities
Information system etc.

ENGINEERING OPERTIONS
The Engineering operations in a Port can broadly be
classified under the following four groups:
Civil Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Electrical Engineering including Electronics
Marine Engineering

PORT FINANCE
The income earned by the Port are generated
from:
Cargo handling and storage charges
Port and dock charges including pilotage fee
Railway earnings
Estate rentals
Finance and Miscellaneous income

The expenditure incurred by the port are grouped under

Cargo, handling & Storage
Port & Dock facilities for shipping including pilotage
Railway Working
Rentable Land Building
Management & General Administration
Finance and Miscellaneous Expenditure

The finance for capital investment in the Ports are

drawn from:
Loans and advances by the Govt
External loans from other Ports and
Financial Institutions
Debentures and
Internal Reserves

REVENUES Vs. EXPENDITURE FOR

ROTTERDAM 1990
Sources of Revenue
Ports Dues

62%

Rental income

33%

Other

5%

Total

100%

Source of Expenditure
Personnel

13.6%

Port maintenance

10.0%

Other maintenance

10.1%

Depreciation

29.2%

Interest

33.8%

Other

3.3%

Total

100%

REVENUES Vs. EXPENDITURE FOR

SINGAPORE 1990
Sources of Revenue
Container handling

54.0%

Cargo handling

10.0%

Marine service

12.3%

Commercial services

11.7%

Sundry services

12.0%

Total

100%

Source of Expenditure
Authority

89.4%

Subsidiaries

11.6%

Total

100%

The finance for capital investment in the

Ports are drawn from:
Aid from Central Government
External loans from other Ports and Financial
Institutions
Debentures and
Internal Reserves

PLANWISE INVESTMENT OF THE

MAJOR PORTS IN INDIA
Plan Period
First Five Year Plan

Investment
(Rs. in Crores)

(1951-56)

26

Second Five Year Plan (1956-61)

46

Third Five Year Plan

(1961-66)

93

Annual Plan

(1966-67)

24

Annual Plan

(1967-68)

26

Annual Plan

(1968-69)

40

Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-74)

289

Annual Plan (1978-79)

53

Annual Plan (1979-80)

48

Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85)

544

Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90)

1269

Annual Plan (1990-91)

195

Annual Plan (1991-92)

228

Eight Five Year Plan (1992-97)

2984

Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2000)

7215

TOTAL

13494

Average Quantity and Cost of Maintenance

Dredging in Indian Major Ports
Port

Quantity
(in million cum)

Cost
(in Rs. million)

Kandla

4.5

500

Mumbai (Average)

5.0

250

JNPT

1.5

150

Mormugao

3.5

120

New Mangalore

5.0

300

Cochin

11.0

350

Calcutta

21.0

3000

Paradip

2.5

200

Visakhapatnam

1.5

150

Chennai

1.5

150

Tuticorin

Nil

Nil

Total

57

4990

LAND USE CATEGORIES IN PORT ZONES

Operating Areas

: Quays & Jetties

Cargo Storage

: Liquid - Tanks

Dry:
Covered

- Shed

Uncovered - Open storage

Port Side Industry : Conveyor

Pipe line
Road & Rail
Export oriented

 Communication

Rail/Road/Pipeline
Conveyor

Marshalling Areas

Port Service

To Ships

Industry

To Port Operator

To Port Users

 Commercial

: Supplies
: Ware housing
: Bond
: Agency
: Insurance, Customs,
Port Health, Port
operators & Port

Users

STORAGE CAPACITY
Shiploading and unloading Train loading and
Barge loading
Truck loading
Overland conveyor
Steel plant
Coke plant
Power plant
Cement plant

1.5 to 2.5 times maximum

size of vessel expected
1.5 to 2 times maximum
size of train
2 to 3 operating shifts
Variable try one days
throughput
1.5 to 2 days supply at
delivery end
1.5 to 2 months supply
1 to 2 months supply
2 to 3 months supply
1.5 to 2 months supply

AREA REQUIREMENTS FOR

DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES
Oil Refinery

20 Hectares upwards
per Million Tonne

Petro Chemicals

5000 to 7000 Tonnes

Per Hectare

Integrated Steel

225 Hectare Per Million

Works

Tonne of Ore

Aluminium

26 Hectares per
100,000 Tonnes of Raw
Material and 50,000
Tonnes of Production

CLASSIFICATION OF CARGO
The sea borne trade is mainly classified
into the following three basic groups:
General Cargo (Break-Bulk)
Liquid Bulk Cargo
Dry Bulk Cargo

GENERAL CARGO ( BREAK - BULK)

The general cargo trade accounts for about 20% of
the Indian Sea borne traffic.
The specialised ships deployed for the carriage of
general cargo can be classified under the following basic
categories:
Fully Cellular Container ships
Roll-on / Roll-off ships and
Barge carrying vessels

The average size of General Cargo ships is in the

region of 20,000 to 30,000 DWT and the
Container ships vary from 750 to + 6,000 TEUs.

Increasing size of the Container Ships

Date

Generation

No. of
TEUs

Speed

Length
(metres)

1960-1970

1st Generation

Less than
1,000

16

180

1970-1980

2nd Generation

2,000

23

215

1985

3rd Generation

3,000-4,000

23

260-280

1988

4th Generation

4,000-5,000

23

275-305

1995

5th Generation

6,000+

6th Generation

8,000+

310 42.8b
14m draft
23

33846b 13m
draft

LIQUID BULK CARGO

The liquid cargo represents about 40% of the
Indian Seaborne trade. The Liquid bulk can be classified
into the following groups and the percentage they
represent are as under:
Crude Oil

80%

Oil derivatives in

14%

6%

10 groups
L.P.G, L.N.G etc.
Liquid, Ammonia
Chemicals

The Typical size of tankers referred to in the

literature are as under:
(in DWT)
General purpose
24999
Medium range
Long range I
Long range II
Very large crude carrier
Ultra large crude carrier

16500 --

25000 44999
45000 79999
80000 159999
160000 320000
above
320000

DRY BULK CARGO

Dry Bulk cargo represents about 40% of the
seaborne trade. The bulk cargo is divided into:
Major bulk
Minor bulk

and

The cargo covered under the major bulk and the

percentages under each classification are as
under:
:

45%

Coal

20%

Grain

20%

Bauxite

8%

Rock Phospate

7%

Iron Ore

The cargo covered under minor bulk are

fertilizers, cement, sulphur, sugar, iron and steel
products etc.
The coal is commonly transported in 50,000 to
80,000 DWT bulk carriers.
While Iron Ore is frequently carried in 100,000 to
200,000 DWT Ships.

The common terminology used in the

literature relating to various sizes of ships
(DWT) are as under :
Handy Size
27000
Handy Max
45000
Panamax
70000
Cape size
150000
Product Average
45000
Aframax
95000
Suez Max
140000
VLCC
280000

THE APPROXIMATE CORRELATION

BETWEEN SHIP DRAFT AND TONNAGE
GRT

Draft in feet

Draft in
decimetres

1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000

17.9
20.0
21.8
23.6
25.4
26.6
27.4

54.56
60.96
66.45
71.93
77.42
81.08
83.52

APPROXIMATE CORRELATION
BETWEEN SHIP DRAFT AND TONNAGE
SMALLER SHIPS
GRT

Draft
in Metres

1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000

5.45
6.09
6.64
7.19
7.74
8.10
8.35

APPROXIMATE CORRELATION
BETWEEN SHIP DRAFT AND TONNAGE
LARGE MODERN SHIPS
Deadweight

Draft
in Metres

10000
20000
50000
100000
200000
300000
500000

7.9
9.1
11.6
14.6
18.3
21.9
27.4

THE APPROXIMATE CORRELATION

BETWEEN SHIP DRAFT AND TONNAGE
GRT

Draft in feet

Draft in
decimetres

1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000

17.9
20.0
21.8
23.6
25.4
26.6
27.4

54.56
60.96
66.45
71.93
77.42
81.08
83.52

AVERAGE CARGO HANDLING RATES

Cargo Class

Tonnes per ship day

Conventional General Cargo:

On deep sea routes
700
On Short Sea & Coastal routes
500
Fully Palletized Gen. Cargo
900
Packaged Forest Products
1500
Bundled Iron & Steel Products
2000
Pre slung cargoes
900
Ro-Ro Units
2500
Containers:
On deep sea routes
450 TEUs
On Short Sea & feeder routes
275 TEUs
Dry Bulk :
Loading
70% of loader rated capacity
Discharging
50% of unloader rated capacity
Liquid Bulk
Ships pumping capacity
(5 - 10% of ships DWT/hour)

Average Annual Throughputs

Cargo

Throughputs
in mtpa

GENERAL CARGO BERTHS -

0.125 0.250

CONTAINER BERTHS

0.600 1.200

Ro-Ro

0.500 1.500

BULK BERTH (ORE/COAL)

8 TO 10

BULK BERTH (GRAIN)

0.5 TO 2.5

OIL BERTH

2 TO 10

MANAGEMENT OF PORTS
Generally ports may be managed by any one
of the following authorities:
Government
Municipality
Board of Trustees
Private owners
Industrial enterprise

EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF

MANAGEMENTS
PORT

Type of Authority

Bristol

Local Authority

Manchester

Private Company

London

A Public Trust

Felixstowe

A Public Limited Co.

Boulogne

Local Chamber of
Commerce

Calais

Local Chamber of
Commerce

Dunkerque

Fully Government
owned

Rotterdam

State owned, managed

Antwerp

Directly or through

Hamburg

Local Authority

Indian Ports

Government owned
managed by Board of
Trustees

SINGLE POINT MOORING SYSTEM

MOTHERSHIP DAUGHTERSHIP TRANSFER

LNG VESSEL 135000 CUM

KENAI LNG EXPORT TERMINAL ALASKA