Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
as source of energy
Guests on todays show
K. Vaideesh Subbaraj
Vignesh Sridharan
Shivendra Upadhyay
M. Vishwanath
Technology
and
Environmental Impact
of
Biomass & Biofuels
Technology
Biomass technology today serves many markets
Current Focus
Platform technologies
Bio-refinery
A facility that integrates biomass conversion
processes and equipment to produce fuels,
power, and chemicals from biomass.
Analogous to today's petroleum refineries
It is based on the Sugar Platform and the
Thermochemical Platform
Liquid Fuel
Technology
Bio-diesel
Made by transforming animal fat or vegetable
oil with alcohol .
Fuel is made from rapeseed (canola) oil or
soybean oil or recycled restaurant grease.
Directly substituted for diesel either as neat
fuel or as an oxygenate additive
E-Diesel
Uses additives in order to allow blending of
ethanol with diesel.
Ethanol blends of 7.7% to 15% and up to 5%
Additives that prevent the ethanol and diesel
from separating at very low temperatures or if
water contamination occurs.
Jatropha
Biodiesel from Jatropha
Seeds of the Jatropha nut is
crushed and oil is extracted
The oil is processed and
refined to form bio-diesel.
Gaseous fuel
Technology
Gasification Technology
Gobar gas Production
Biogas
Synthesis gas
Gasification
A process that uses heat, pressure, and steam to
convert materials directly into a gas composed
primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
Gasification technologies rely four key engineering
factors
1. Gasification reactor atmosphere (level of oxygen or
air content).
2. Reactor design.
3. Internal and external heating.
4. Operating temperature.
Gasification
Typical raw materials - coal, petroleum-based
materials, and organic materials.
The feedstock is prepared and fed, in either dry or
slurried form, into a sealed reactor chamber called a
gasifier.
The feedstock is subjected to high heat, pressure, and
either an oxygen-rich or oxygen-starved environment
within the gasifier.
Gasification
Products of gasification :
* Hydrocarbon gases (also called syngas).
* Hydrocarbon liquids (oils).
* Char (carbon black and ash).
Syngas is primarily carbon monoxide and
hydrogen (more than 85 percent by volume)
and smaller quantities of carbon dioxide and
methane
Gasifier Plant
Gasifier Plant
Types of Gasifiers
Updraft Gasifier
Types of Gasifiers
Downdraft Gasifier
Types of Gasifiers
Twin-fire Gasifier
Types of Gasifiers
Gobar gas
Gobar gas production is an anaerobic
process
Fermentation is carried out in an air tight,
closed cylindrical concrete tank called a
digester
Solid Fuel
Wood
Domestic heating with wood is still by far
the largest market for bio-energy
Dramatic improvements of technology in
domestic heating equipment
Improved tiled stoves, advanced logwood
boilers, woodchip boilers, pellet boilers and
pellet stoves.
Pourable wood-based fuel is also available
Tiled stoves
Logwood boiler
Woodchip boilers
Environmental Concerns
Air Pollution
Soil Deterioration
Air Concerns
Biomass processing technologies and biofuels use have the
potential to increase emissions of ozone precursors
o Increase in Nox emissions
Excessive inhalation of ethanol is harmful
Combustion of ethanol would result in increased atmospheric
concentrations of carcinogens
Emission of relatively large sized particulate matter
Soil Concerns
Environmental Benefits
Reduction of waste
Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases compared to
fossil fuels
Ethanol is Carbon neutral and forms a part of the carbon cycle
Growing variety of crops increases bio-diversity
Socio-Economic Benefits
BIO FUELS
THE WORLD SCENARIO
BRAZIL
World leader in production and export of
ethanol.
Ethanol produced per day equivalent to
200,000 barrels of gasoline.
24% blend ethanol mandatory.
Competitiveness
Bio diesel initiatives underway
U.S.A.
E.U.
India
Sources of ethanol:
Sugarcane
Molasses
Agricultural waste
India (Contd.)
Sources of biodiesel:
Honge
Jatropha
Bio Mass
Biomass already supplies 14 % of the worlds
primary energy consumption. On average, biomass
produces 38 % of the primary energy in developing
countries.
USA: 4% of total energy from bio mass, around
9000 MW
INDIA is short of 15,000 MW of energy and it costs
about 25,000 crores annually for the government to
import oil.
Thank You