Introduction To MATLAB

Introduction to MATLAB
www.tripleninfotech.com
MATLAB Overview
What is MATLAB?
History of MATLAB
Who developed MATLAB
Why MATLAB was developed
Who currently maintains MATLAB
Strengths of MATLAB
Weaknesses of MATLAB
What is MATLAB?
Matlab = Matrix laboratory
problem-solving environment
Designed
for
computations, esp.
convenient
numerical
matrix manipulation,
but also DEs, stats, and graphics
Developed by Cleve Moler in 1970s as a

teaching tool
MATLAB
MATLAB is a program for doing numerical computation.
It was originally designed for solving linear algebra

type problems using matrices.
Its name is derived
from MATrix LABoratory.

MATLAB has since been expanded and now has built-in
functions for solving problems requiring data analysis,

signal processing, optimization, and several other
types of scientific computations.
It also contains
functions for 2-D and 3-D graphics and animation.

What is MATLAB?
Originally FORTRAN; now C++/Java
Can call external C/FORTRAN routines
Interpreted
Customized graphical-user-interface
building
Has many specialized functions (Toolboxes)

WHY MATLAB
Ease of use
Rapid prototyping/debugging of
sophisticated code
Can be used interactively

(scratchpad) or from scripts
HISTROY OF MATLAB
MATLAB gained popularity primarily

through word of mouth because it was
not officially distributed
In the 1980s, MATLAB was rewritten in

C with more functionality (such as
plotting routines)
CONTI
The Mathworks, Inc. was created in 1984
The Mathworks is now responsible for
development, sale, and support for MATLAB

The Mathworks is located in Natick, MA
The Mathworks is an employer that hires
co-ops through our co-op program
STRENGTH OF MATLAB
MATLAB is relatively easy to learn
MATLAB code is optimized to be relatively quick
when performing matrix operations

MATLAB may behave like a calculator or as a
programming language
MATLAB is interpreted, errors are easier to fix
Although primarily procedural, MATLAB does have
some object-oriented elements

WEAKNESS OF MATLAB
MATLAB is NOT a general purpose programming
language
MATLAB is an interpreted language (making it for
the most part slower than a compiled language

such as C++)
MATLAB is designed for scientific computation
and is not suitable for some things (such as

parsing text)
MATLAB GUI
Launch Pad / Toolbox
Workspace
Current Directory
Command History
Command Window
WORKSPACE
Allows access to data
Area of memory managed through the
Command Window
Shows Name, Size (in elements),
Number of Bytes and Type of Variable
LAUNCH PAD / TOOL

Will not be covered
Launch Pad allows you to start
help/demos
Toolbox is for use with specialized
packages (Signal Processing)
CURRENT DIRECTORY
MATLAB, like Windows or UNIX, has a
current directory
MATLAB functions can be called from
any directory
Your programs (to be discussed later)
are only available if the current directory

is the one that they exist in
COMMAND HISTROY
Allows access to the commands used
during this session, and possibly previous

sessions
Clicking and dragging to the Command
window allows you to re-execute previous

commands
COMMAND WINDOW
Probably the most important part of the
GUI
Allows you to input the commands that
will create variables, modify variables

and even (later) execute scripts and
functions you program yourself.
SIMPLE COMMANDS
who
whos
save
clear
load
WHO
who lists the variables currently in the
workspace.
As we learn more about the data
structures available in MATLAB, we will see

more uses of who
WHOS
whos is similar to who, but also gives size and
storage information
s = whos(...) returns a structure with these
fields name variable name size variable size

bytes number of bytes allocated for the array
class class of variable and assigns it to the
variable s. (We will discuss structures more).
SAVE
save saves workspace variables on disk
save filename stores all workspace variables
in the current directory in filename.mat

save filename var1 var2 ... saves only the
specified
workspace
variables
in
filename.mat. Use the * wildcard to save
only those variables that match the specified
pattern.
CLEAR
clear removes items from workspace,
freeing up system memory

Examples of syntax:
clear
clear
name
clear name1 name2 name3 ...
LOAD
load - loads workspace variables from
disk
Examples of Syntax:
load
load
filename
load filename X Y Z
MATLAB FUNCTION
Functions are similar to scripts
Functions may take arguments
Functions may return one or more values
CONTI
Example function
function [output] = square(input)
output = input*input;
Body of functions can contain code just like
scripts could
MATH FUNCTION
Elementary functions (sin, cos, sqrt, abs,
exp, log10, round)

type
help elfun
Advanced functions (bessel, beta,
gamma, erf)
help specfun
type help elmat
type
GRAPH FUNCTIONS
plot linear plot
stem discrete plot
grid add grid lines
xlabel add X-axis label
ylabel add Y-axis label
title add graph title
subplot divide figure window
figure create new figure window
pause wait for user response
GETTING HELP
Using the Help Browser (.html, .pdf)
View getstart.pdf, graphg.pdf, using_ml.pdf
Type
help
help function, e.g. help plot
Running demos
type demos
type help demos
ARITHMATIC OPERATIONS
1) plus
- Plus
+
2) uplus
- Unary plus
+
3) minus
- Minus
4) uminus
- Unary minus
5) mtimes
- Matrix multiply
*
6) times
- Array multiply
.*
7) mpower
- Matrix power
^
8) power
- Array power
.^
9) mldivide - Backslash or left matrix divide
10) mrdivide - Slash or right matrix divide
11) ldivide - Left array divide
.\
12) rdivide - Right array divide
./
\
/
RELATIONAL OPERATIONS
1) eq
- Equal
- Not equal
==
2)
ne
3)
lt
4)
gt
- Greater than
>
5)
le
- Less than or equal
<=
6)
ge
- Less than
- Greater
than or equal
~=
<
>=
LOGICAL OPERATORS
1)Short-circuit logical AND
&&
2)Short-circuit logical OR
||
3) and
- Element-wise logical AND
or
not
xor
any
nonzero
8) all
nonzero
4)
5)
6)
7)
- Element-wise logical OR
|
- Logical NOT
~
- Logical EXCLUSIVE OR
- True if any element of vector is
- True if all elements of vector are
&
BITWISE OPERATORS
1) bitand
2)
bitcmp
3)
bitor
4)
bitmax
5)
6)
7)
8)
- Bit-wise AND.
- Complement bits.
- Bit-wise OR.
- Maximum floating point
integer.
bitxor
- Bit-wise XOR.
bitset
- Set bit.
bitget
- Get bit.
bitshift - Bit-wise shift.
COMMAND SYNTAX
MATLAB is case-sensitive. All built-in commands are
in lower case. A command normally terminates with a
carriage return. Including a semicolon (;) at the end

of
a command suppresses MATLABs echoing to the
terminal (this is useful when dealing with large sets of
numbers.)
FILE I/0
fopen
fclose
fprintf
fgetl / fgets
VECTORS & matrix

A = [5,8,2,3,2,4,7,2,8,9,8,3,0,3] ;
S=[3,8,9;2,7,7;4,9,0];
Save and load variable

A=5;
save A A;
load A
B=1;
C=A+B;
disp(C);
graph
Clc
close all
clear all
t=0:0.25:7;
y = sin(t);
plot(t,y,'r--') ;
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Frequency');
title('sin wave');
grid on;
gtext('X axis 1 cm = 1');
gtext('Y axis 1 cm = 0.2');
legend('contious sinwave');
print -djpeg075 sinwave.jpg
IF LOOP
a=5;
if a > 6
disp('a is greater');
elseif a==0
disp('a is zero');
else
disp('a is smaller');
end
FOR LOOP
a=5;
for i=1:5
a=a+1
end
disp(a);
ANS a =10
While Loop
a=5;
while a < 10
a=a+1;
end
disp(a);
Ans a =10
Function
function c=add(a,b);
c=a+b;
return
function c=mul(a,b);
c=a*b;
return
Main
a=5;
b=6;
c=add(a,b);
disp(c);
d=mul(a,b);
disp(d);
Sample Program
load noissin;
figure;
plot(noissin);
figure;
c=cwt(noissin,1:10:500,'db4','plot');
Signal generation
t=0:0.01:4;
x=sin(2*pi*t);
x=cos(2*pi*t);
figure;
plot(t,x);
axis([0 2 -1 1]);
xlabel('Time (sec)');
ylabel('amplitude (Volt)');
figure;
tem(t,x);
xis([0 5 -1 1]);
ylabel('amplitude (Volt)');
Exponential sequence
n=input('enter the length of exponential sequence =');
t=0:n;
a=input('Enter a value =');
y=exp(a*t);
figure;
stem(t,y);
axis([0 4 0 10]);
ylabel('Amplitude (volt)');
title('Exponential Signal');
Ramp Sequence
n=input('Enter the length of sequence=');
t=0:n;
figure;
stem(t,t);
xlabel('samples (n)-->');
title('Ramp Sequence');
Unit Step Sequence

n=input('Enter the length of sequence =');
t=1:n;
y=ones(1,n);
stem(t,y);
title('Unit Step Sequence');
Unit Impulse Sequence

n=input('Enter the length of sequence =');
t= -n:1:n;
y=[zeros(1,n),ones(1,1),zeros(1,n)];
stem(t,y);
title('Unit Impulse Sequence');
Signal with noise

t = (0:0.001:1)';
y = sin(2*pi*50*t) + 2*sin(2*pi*120*t);
randn('state',0);
yn = y + 2*randn(size(t));
plot(t(1:50),yn(1:50));
Sawtooth waveform
t=0:.001:1;
x=sawtooth(2*pi*50*t);
plot(t,x);
axis([0 .2 -1 1]);
Square waveform
t=0:.01:10
x=square(t,15);
plot(t,x);
Triangular waveform
t=-3:.1:3
y=tripuls(t);
plot(t,y);
Rectangular waveform
t=-3:.1:3;
y=2*rectpuls(t);
plot(t,y);
axis([-3 3 0 3]);
How to read an image

a =imread('cameraman.tif');
imshow(a);
pixval on;
a =imread('flowers.tif');
imshow(a);
pixval on;
How to read an audio file

a =wavread ('test.wav');
wavplay(a,44100);
Plot(a);
How to read an video file

a=aviread('movie.avi');
movie(a);
Add two images

I = imread(rice.png');
J = imread('cameraman.tif');
K = imadd(I,J);
imshow(K,[])
I = imread('rice.png');
J = imadd(I,50);
subplot(1,2,1), imshow(I)
subplot(1,2,2), imshow(J)
Subtract two images

I = imread('rice.png');
Iq = imsubtract(I,50);
subplot(1,2,1), imshow(I)
subplot(1,2,2), imshow(Iq)
Convert image to gray and binary
clc;
clear;
close all
a= imread('flowers.tif');
subplot(2,2,1);
imshow(a);
subplot(2,2,2);
b=imresize(a,[256 256]);
imshow(b);
subplot(2,2,3);
c=rgb2gray(b);
imshow(c);
subplot(2,2,4);
d=im2bw(c);
imshow(d);
RGB component
a=imread('flowers.tif');
subplot(2,2,1);
imshow(a);
[r c p]=size(a)
R=a;
G=a;
B=a;
R(:,:,2:3)=0;
subplot(2,2,2);
imshow(R);
G(:,:,1)=0;
G(:,:,3)=0;
subplot(2,2,3);
imshow(G);
B(:,:,1)=0;
B(:,:,2)=0;
subplot(2,2,4);
imshow(B);
Convert Image into One dimensional
a = imread('cameraman.tif');
[r c]=size(a);
Len=r*c;
b=reshape(a,[1 Len]);
CONVER MOVIE TO FRAMES

file=aviinfo('movie1.avi');
% to get inforamtaion abt video
file
frm_cnt=file.NumFrames
% No.of frames in the video file
str2='.bmp'
h = waitbar(0,'Please wait...');
for i=1:frm_cnt
frm(i)=aviread(filename,i); % read the Video file
frm_name=frame2im(frm(i)); % Convert Frame to image file
frm_name=rgb2gray(frm_name);%convert gray
filename1=strcat(strcat(num2str(i)),str2);
imwrite(frm_name,filename1);
waitbar(i/frm_cnt,h)
% Write image file
CONVERT FRAMES TO MOVIES

frm_cnt=5;
number_of_frames=frm_cnt;
filetype='.bmp';
display_time_of_frame=1;
mov = avifile('MOVIE.avi');
count=0;
for i=1:number_of_frames
name1=strcat(num2str(i),filetype);
a=imread(name1);
while count<display_time_of_frame
count=count+1;
imshow(a);
F=getframe(gca);
mov=addframe(mov,F);
end
count=0;
end
mov=close(mov);
How to read a text file

fid = fopen('message.txt','r');
ice1= fread(fid);
s = char(ice1');
fclose(fid);
disp(s);
Ans hello
How to write a text file

txt=[65 67 68 69];
fid = fopen('output.txt','wb');
fwrite(fid,char(txt),'char');
fclose(fid);
ANS =ACDE
Store an Image,Audio
imwrite(a,'new.bmp');
a=wavread('test.wav');
wavwrite(d,44100,16,'nTEST.WAV');
SAVE AND LOAD THE VARIABLE

A=5;
save A A;
load A
B=1;
C=A+B;
disp(C);
NOISE AND FILTER
I = imread('eight.tif');
J = imnoise(I,'salt & pepper',0.02);
K = medfilt2(J);
subplot(1,2,1);imshow(J)
subplot(1,2,2);imshow(K)
M FILE & FUNCTION

CREATION
There are four ways of doing code in

Matlab
terminal window
script M-file
function M-file
.mex files
Terminal window
This method of doing calculations is

good for short.
one-time-only
calculations
or
for
calculations where one does not wish to
change any parameters.
M file window
If we wish to execute repeatedly some

set of commands, and possibly change
input parameters as well, then one
should create a script M-file
A MATLAB script file is called as M-file.
The file is saved with the extension ".m".
When the file is run", the script is
carried out.
Block Diagram of MATLAB
Series
of
Matlab
comma
nds
Matlab
Command
Dat
m-files
mat-files
Line
a
Command
sto
execution
Input functions
rag
like
DOS
Output
e/
command
loa
capabil
window
din
ity
Function M file window
Most of the M-file that one ultimately

uses will be function M-file
These files again have the .m"
extension.
Function files have input and output
arguments.
Conti
The syntax
definition is:
for
MATLAB
function
function [val1, , valn] = myfunc (arg1,

, argk)
where val1 through valn are the specified
returned values from the function.
arg1 through argk are the values sent to
the function.
Conti
The word function appears at the start of

the file, and in lower case letters.
Function files are normally used to
combine functions in Matlab to get new
functions.
If it is not, the directory must be
changed before calling the function.
Conti..
If MATLAB cannot find the function or its

syntax does not match the function call,
an error message will appear.
Failure to change directories often
results in the error message:
Undefined function or improper matrix

assignment
Conti..
When the function file is not in the

current working directory, a cd or chdir
command may be issued to change the
directory.
cd E:\ OR
chdir E:\.
IMAGE PROCESSING
What is an Image
An image is an array, or a matrix, of

square pixels (picture elements)
arranged in columns and rows.
Types of image
Black & white

Grayscale
RGB or Color image
Image format
JPEG (Joint Pictures Expert Group)

GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
JPEG2000
BMP(Windows Bitmap)
Binary or Black & White Image
Binary: Each pixel

is just black or
white. Since there
are
only
two
possible
values
for
each
pixel
(0,1), we only
need one bit per
pixel.
Grayscale Image
Each pixel is a
shade of gray,
normally from 0
(black) to 255
(white).
This range means
that each pixel
can
be
represented
by
eight
bits,
or
exactly one byte.
Color or RGB Image
Each pixel has a particular

color; that color is described
by the amount of red, green
and blue in it.
If each of these components
has a range 0255, this gives
a total of 2563 different
possible colors. Such an
image is a stack of three
matrices; representing the
red, green and blue values
for each pixel.
This means that for every
pixel there correspond 3
values.
Conti
The secondary colors of

RGB cyan, magenta, and
yellow are formed by
mixing two of the primary
colors (red, green or blue)
and excluding the third
color.
Red and green combine to
make yellow, green and
blue to make cyan, and blue
and red form magenta.
The combination of red,
green, and blue in full
intensity makes white.
Rotate image
a=imread(cameraman.tif)
figure
imshow(a)
b=imrotate(a,45)
figure
imshow(b)
Resize image
a=imread(sunset.jpg)
figure
imshow(a)
b=imresize(a,10)
figure
imshow(b)
Cropping an image
a=imread(winter.jpg)
figure
imshow(a)
b=imcrop(a,[10 20 30 40])
figure
imshow(b)
Complement image
z=imread(desret.jpg)
figure
imshow(z)
g=imcomplement(z)
figure
imshow(g)
Histogram an image
a=imread(cameraman.tif)
figure
imhow(a)
j=histeq(a)
figure
imshow(j)
IMTOOL
Image Display tool for performing basic

image processing task
The tools are,
Pixel region tool, Distance tool, Adjust
contrast, Crop tool, Image information
Example
imtool(peppers.png);
Indexed Image
The syntax are ,

[X map]= rgb2ind(rgb,n);
[X map]=gray2ind(gray,n);
It gives pixel intensities and color map
values. n is size of color map.
It is used to increase the color resolution
of image.
rgb=ind2rgb(X,map);
gray=ind2gray(X,map);
RGB->Indexed and gray->indexed

a = imread(peppers.png);
[x map]=rgb2ind(a, 10);
figure;
imshow(x,map);
b=imread(rice.png);
[x1 map1]=gray2ind(b,50);
figure;
imshow(x1,map1);
Color space conversions

Three color models :
HSV
YCbCr
YIQ
Computer display screen depth
>>get(0,ScreenDepth);
Example
rgb=imread(peppers.png);
hsv=rgb2hsv(rgb);
figure;
imshow(hsv);
Yc=rgb2ycbcr(rgb);
Yi=rgb2ntsc(rgb);
figure; imshow(Yc);
figure; imshow(Yi);
Image Enhancement
a=imread(pout.tif);
figure; subplot(2,1,1); imshow(a);
subplot(2,1,2); imhist(a);
b=imadjust(a);
figure; subplot(2,1,1); imshow(b);
subplot(2,1,2); imhist(b);
c=histeq(a);
figure; subplot(2,1,1); imshow(c);
subplot(2,1,2); imhist(c);
d=adapthisteq(a);
figure; subplot(2,1,1); imshow(d);
subplot(2,1,2); imhist(d);
OVERVIEW
REGION OF INTEREST
DEBLURRING
EDGE DETECTION
Region of Interest
a=imread(pout.tif);
Figure;imshow(b);
b=roipoly(a);
figure;
imshow(b);
[r c]=find(b==1);
xmin=min(r);xmax=max(r);
ymin=min(c);ymax=max(c);
D=a(xmin:xmax,ymin:ymax);
Figure;imshow(d);www.tripleninfotech.com
Roipoly Example
a=imread(coins.png);
figure;imshow(a);
b=roipoly(a);
loc=find(b==1); loc1=find(b ~= 1);
pri=zeros(r,c); pri(loc)=a(loc);
sec=zeros(r,c); sec(loc1)=a(loc1);
figure;
imshow(pri,[]);
figure;
imshow(sec,[]); www.tripleninfotech.com
Roicolor example
a=imread(rice.png);
Figure(1);
imshow(a);
b=roicolor(a,170,210);
Figure(2);
imshow(b);
Roifill Example
a=imread(pout.tif);
figure(1);
Imshow(a);
bw=roipoly(a);
c=roifill(a,bw);
figure(2);
Imshow(c);
Roifilter example
a=imread(pout.tif);
figure(1);
Imshow(a);
bw=roipoly(a);
F=fspecial(unsharp);
Out=roifilt2(F,a,bw);
figure(2);
Imshow(Out);
Blurring effect on image

a=imread(peppers.png);
figure(1); imshow(a);
H = fspecial('motion',20,45)
Blurred =imfilter(a,H,circular);
figure(2);
imshow(Blurred);
title('Motion Blurred Image');
Deblurring
H = fspecial('motion',20,45)
Blurred =imfilter(a,H,circular);
figure(2);
imshow(Blurred);
title('Motion Blurred Image');
De=deconvwnr(Blurred,H);
figure(3);
Imshow(De);
Image analysis
P=impixel(a);
disp(P);
a=imread(coins.png);
Figure(1); imshow(a);
b=improfile;
Disp(b);
a=imread(rice.png);
imcontour(a,2);
title(Contour plot); www.tripleninfotech.com
IMAGE PROCESSING
TECHNOLGIES &
APPLICATIONS
Digital Image
Processing?...
An image can be defined as a two-dimensional

signal (analog or digital), that contains
intensity (grayscale), or color information
arranged along an x and y spatial axis.
Histogram, Co-Variance, Mean, Standard
Deviation these are all the some basic
calculation
process
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
Classification,
Resizing,
Extraction,
Recognition these are all the some basic
Process.
Current Trends in Digital Image

Processing in Different Applications
Technologies
Compression
Steganography
Applications
Transmission & Storage
Secret Communications
Watermarking
Copyright Protection
Segmentation
Medical & Image Classifications
Image Retrieval
Web Applications
Recognition
Fusion
De-noising
Authentication
Medical & Satellite
Digital Cameras & Video codec
Compression
The Process to remove the Redundancy (Duplication) in Image
Types of Compression
Lossless Compression
Data
can be completely recovered after decompression
Recovered
Lossy Compression
Data
cannot be completely recovered after decompression
Some
data is identical to original
information is lost for ever
Applications
All Multimedia Equipments such as Mobiles, DVD Players, TV, PC,

etc..,
Compression Block Diagram
B
I
Input Image
Quantization
Entropy Encoding T
S
T
R
E
Reconstructed
De-quantization Decoding
A
Image
M
S
Steganography
Hiding a Secret data in Digital Images without affecting the

quality of Medium.
This image is called as StegoImage.
Original Image
Stego Image
Application
Send secret communication

like Military applications
Steganography Block Diagram

Original
Image
Preproces
s
Original
Image
Embeddin
g in Image
Stegoimag
e
Secret
Data
Extraction
from
Stegoimage
Secret
Data
Watermarking
Water Marking Embed the secret image in an image or

any type of multimedia data.
We should hide the image without changing original

image quality.
Water marking is used only for copyright protection.
Types of Water Marking
Visible & Invisible
Applications
In telebroadcasting & web applications

Watermarking Block Diagram
Input Image
Copyright Image
DWT
Key
Embedding Process
Water Marked Image
Watermarking Extraction
Copyright Image
Water Marked Image
IDWT
Key
Extraction Process
Copyright output Image
Segmentation
Segmentation refers to the process of partitioning a digital image into

multiple regions (sets of pixels).
The goal of segmentation is to simplify and/or change the representation

of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to
analyze.
Each of the pixels in a region are similar with respect to some

characteristic or computed property, such as color, intensity, or texture.
Applications
In
Medical applications to find brain tumor, cancer detection & classify
the images in different domains

Image Retrieval
Image retrieval techniques are useful in many imageprocessing applications.
In Image retrieval systems so many techniques are there.
Color Histogram based IR
Metadata based IR
Shape based IR
Applications
In web & medical applications to search particular image

form large database
Fusion
Image Fusion is the process of combining relevant

information from two or more images into a single image.
The fused image should have more complete information

which is more useful for human or machine perception.
The resulting image will be more informative than any of

the input images.
Applications
Where we need the high information images in that

places like Medical & Satellite etc..,
Basic Diagram of Image Fusion
Simulation &
Implementation
Simulation Result for

Steganography
Original Image & StegoImage
Fusion for Medical Application
Fusion
Simulation Result for Image

Retrieval
Searching Process
Input Video
Compressed Video
TRANSFORMATION
Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)

Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)
Discrete Cosine Transform
The DCT is similar to the DFT since it

decomposes a signal into a series of
harmonic cosine functions.
It is sum of cosine function at different
frequency.
Cosine function are much more effective
compared to sine function.
It is dependent on time or frequency.
Conti..
Here It separates the Image to number of

blocks.
In these blocks first block has the low frequency
information.
We can see clear information in low frequency
sub band
DC
w
lo
horizontal edges
fr
cy
n
ue
q
e
vertical edges
le c y
d
i d u en
m eq
fr
Conti
The 2-D DCT and its inverse (IDCT) of an

N x N block are shown below:
2-D-DCT
N 1 N 1
2
(2 x 1)u
(2 y 1)v
F (u , v) C (u )C (v) f ( x, y ) cos[
] cos[
]
N
2N
2N
y 0 x 0
2-D-IDCT
2
f ( x, y )
N
(2 x 1)u
(2 y 1)v
C (u )C (v) F (u, v) cos[
] cos[
]
2N
2N
v 0 u 0
N 1 N 1
Conti
One disadvantage of DCT has blocking

artifacts, due to Zigzag error during
reconstruction of image.
Itll overcome by wavelet transform.
Conti
a=imread('cameraman.ti
f');
subplot(1,3,1);
imshow(a,[]);
title(Input image)
b=dct2(a);
subplot(1,3,2);
imshow(b,[]);
title('DCT');
c=idct2(b);
subplot(1,3,3);
imshow(c,[]);
Discrete Wavelet Transform
It has higher compression ratios avoid

blocking artifacts.
It is convert spatial domain to frequency
domain.
It is a type of signal representation that
can give the frequency content of the
signal at a particular instant of time or
spatial location.
Conti
Allows good localization both in time and

spatial frequency domain.
It has more efficiency compare with DCT.
DWT Calculation Procedure
Even + odd
Even + odd
Even odd
Image
Even - odd
HL
Even + odd
LL
LH
Even odd
HH
Conti..
a=imread('cameraman.tif')
;
[LL LH HL
HH]=dwt2(a,'haar');
Dec=[...
LL,LH
HL,HH
...
];
imshow(Dec,[]);
GUI
DIALOG BOX
warndlg('hello');
helpdlg('hello');
msgbox('hello');
errordlg('hello');
ButtonName=questdlg('What is your wish?', ...

'Genie Question', ...
'Food','Clothing','Money','Money');
switch ButtonName,
case 'Food',
disp('Food is delivered');
case 'Clothing',
disp('The Emperor''s new clothes have arrived.')
case 'Money',
disp('A ton of money falls out the sky.');
end % switch
USER INTERFACE GET FILE

[filename, pathname] = uigetfile('*.m', 'Pick an
M-file');
if isequal(filename,0) | isequal(pathname,0)
disp('User pressed cancel')
else
disp(['User selected ', fullfile(pathname,
filename)])
end
USER INTERFACE PUT FILE

[filename, pathname] = uiputfile('*.m', 'Pick an M-file');
disp('User pressed cancel')
else
disp(['User selected ', fullfile(pathname, filename)])
end
GUI
GET IMAGE FILE
function pushbutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles
[filename, pathname] = uigetfile('*.jpg', 'Pick an Image');
handle to pushbutton1 (see GCBO)

structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
warndlg('User pressed cancel')

else
M1 = imread( filename);
handles.M1 = M1;
axes(handles.axes1);
imshow(M1);
handles.filename1=filename;
%Update handles structure
guidata(hObject, handles);
end
GUI
MENU BAR
PUSH BUTTON
TOGGLE BUTTON
RADIO BUTTON
CHECKBOX
EDIT TEXT
STATIC TEXT
SLIDER
FRAME
LISTBOX
POPUP MENU
AXES
ALIGN OBJECTS
MENU EDITOR
M FILE EDITOR
PROPERTY INSPECTOR
RUN
EMPTY GUI
GENERATED M FILE
PUSH BUTTON
RIGHT CLICK PUSH BUTTON & GO FOR

PROPERTY INSPECTOR
CHANGE THE STRING AND TAG

VALUE

VALUE
RIGHT CLICK PUSH BUTTON & GO FOR M

FILE EDITOR
GO FOR CALLBACK
WRITE THE CODE BELOW THE

CALLBACK
imshow(a);
RUN THE PROGRAM OR PRESS F5
CHOOSE AXES
CHOOSE AXES
RIGHT CLICK AXES & GO FOR PROPERTY

INSPECTOR

VALUE

CALLBACK
axes(handles.one);
imshow(a);
RUN THE PROGRAM
CODE
axes(handles.one);
imshow(a);
TOGGLE BUTTON
RIGHT CLICK TOGGLE & GO FOR

PROPERTY INSPECTOR

VALUE
RIGHT CLICK TOGGLE & GO FOR M FILE

EDITOR

CALLBACK
a=get(hObject,'Value');
if a ==1
axes(handles.one);
imshow(a);
else
a =imread('greens.jpg');
axes(handles.one);
imshow(a);
end
RUN THE PROGRAM
RIGHT CLICK RADIO BUTTON & GO FOR

PROPERTY INSPECTOR

VALUE
RIGHT CLICK CHECK BOX & GO FOR MFILE

EDITOR

CALLBACK
RUN THE PROGRAM
RIGHT CLICK CHECK BOX & GO FOR

PROPERTY INSPECTOR

VALUE
RIGHT CLICK CHECK BOX & GO FOR M FILE

EDITOR

CALLBACK
RUN THE PROGRAM
RIGHT CLICK FRAME & SEND TO

BACK
RUN THE PROGRAM
RIGHT CLICK LIST BOX & GO FOR

PROPERTY INSPECTOR
EDIT THE STRING OPTIONS
RIGHT CLICK LIST BOX & GO FOR M FILE

EDITOR

CALLBACK
contents = get(hObject,'Value')
switch contents
case 1
axes(handles.one);
imshow(a);
case 2
axes(handles.one);
imshow(a);
case 3
a =imread('rice.tif');
axes(handles.one);
imshow(a);
otherwise
a =imread('mri.tif');
axes(handles.one);
imshow(a);
end
CHOOSE POPUPMENU
RIGHT CLICK POPUP MENU & GO FOR

PROPERTY INSPECTOR
EDIT THE STRING OPTIONS
WRITE THE CODE

contents = get(hObject,'Value')
switch contents
case 1
axes(handles.one);
imshow(a);
case 2
axes(handles.one);
imshow(a);
case 3
a =imread('rice.tif');
axes(handles.one);
imshow(a);
otherwise
a =imread('mri.tif');
axes(handles.one);
imshow(a);
end
RIGHT CLICK EDIT TEXT & GO FOR

PROPERTY INSPECTOR
EDIT STRING AND TAG
RIGHT CLICK EDIT TEXT & GO FOR M FILE

EDITOR
RIGHT CLICK AXES & GO FOR PROPERTY

INSPECTOR

CALLBACK

CALLBACK
a=get(hObject,'String') ;
b=char(a);
c=imread(b);
axes(handles.one);
imshow(c);
RIGHT CLICK STATIC TEXT & GO FOR

PROPERTY INSPECTOR

VALUE

CALLBACK
a=get(hObject,'String') ;
set(handles.t1,'String',a);
b=char(a);
c=imread(b);
axes(handles.one);
imshow(c);
SLIDER
RIGHT CLICK SLIDER & GO FOR PROPERTY

INSPECTOR
DROP TWO AXES
DROP PUSH BUTTON

VALUE
GO FOR CALLBACK

CALLBACK
[filename, pathname] = uigetfile('*.bmp', 'Pick an Image');

warndlg('User pressed cancel')
else
a=imread(filename);
imshow(a);
handles.filename=filename;
guidata(hObject, handles);
end
RIGHT CLICK SLIDER & GO FOR M FILE

EDITOR

CALLBACK
RUN THE PROGRAM
a=get(hObject,'Value');
filename =handles.filename;
I = imread(filename);
J = imadd(I,50);
imshow(J)
MENU EDITOR
EDIT STRING AND TAG
RUN
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Introduction To MATLAB

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Introduction To MATLAB

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Introduction to MATLAB

Who developed MATLAB

Why MATLAB was developed

Who currently maintains MATLAB

Matlab = Matrix laboratory

but also DEs, stats, and graphics

Developed by Cleve Moler in 1970s as a

It was originally designed for solving linear algebra

Its name is derived

from MATrix LABoratory.

functions for solving problems requiring data analysis,

functions for 2-D and 3-D graphics and animation.

Originally FORTRAN; now C++/Java

Can call external C/FORTRAN routines

Has many specialized functions (Toolboxes)

Can be used interactively

MATLAB gained popularity primarily

In the 1980s, MATLAB was rewritten in

development, sale, and support for MATLAB

co-ops through our co-op program

when performing matrix operations

some object-oriented elements

the most part slower than a compiled language

and is not suitable for some things (such as

Number of Bytes and Type of Variable

LAUNCH PAD / TOOL

packages (Signal Processing)

MATLAB functions can be called from

Your programs (to be discussed later)

are only available if the current directory

during this session, and possibly previous

Clicking and dragging to the Command

window allows you to re-execute previous

will create variables, modify variables

structures available in MATLAB, we will see

fields name variable name size variable size

in the current directory in filename.mat

freeing up system memory

exp, log10, round)

Advanced functions (bessel, beta,

- Less than or equal

MATLAB is case-sensitive. All built-in commands are

in lower case. A command normally terminates with a

carriage return. Including a semicolon (;) at the end

a command suppresses MATLABs echoing to the

terminal (this is useful when dealing with large sets of

VECTORS & matrix

Save and load variable

Unit Step Sequence

Unit Impulse Sequence

Signal with noise

How to read an image

How to read an audio file

How to read an video file

Add two images

Subtract two images

Convert image to gray and binary

Convert Image into One dimensional

CONVER MOVIE TO FRAMES

% to get inforamtaion abt video

% No.of frames in the video file

% Write image file

CONVERT FRAMES TO MOVIES