Feminizam

Studentica: Anela Prnjak

Feminizam je
drutveni
pokret koji za
ene trai
jednaka prava i
isti status
kakav imaju i
mukarci, kao i
slobodu da
same odluuju
o svojoj karijeri
i o ureenju
svog ivota.

Make them free, and they will quickly

become wise and virtous, as men become
more so; for the improvement must be
mutual, or the injustice which one half of
the human race are obliged to submit to,
retorting on their oppressors, the virtue of
men will be worm-eaten by the insect
whom he keeps under his feet

But women are very differently situated

with respect to eachother - for they are all
rivals (...) Is it then surprising that when
the sole ambition of woman centres in
beauty, and interest gives vanity additional
force, perpetual rivalships should ensue?
They are all running the same race, and
would rise above the virtue of morals, if
they did not view each other with a
suspicious and even envious eye.

My own sex, I hope, will excuse me, if I

treat them like rational creatures, instead
of flattering theirfascinatinggraces, and
viewing them as if they were in a state of
perpetual childhood, unable to stand
alone.

Mary Wollstonecraft (Hoxton, 27.

travnja 1759. - London, 10. rujna
1797.), britanska knjievnica,
filozofkinja i rana feministica.
Napisala je nekoliko romana,
eseja i djeijih knjiga, a
najpoznatija je po djelima:
Obrana ljudskih prava (1790.),
kritici pamfleta Edmunda Burkea
o Francuskoj revoluciji, i Obrana
enskih prava (1792.), koje se
smatra njenim najvanijim
radom.

ene su dobile pravo

glasa od:
1919. Njemaka
1920. SAD
Kraj II. svjetskog rata
- Francuska

Virginia Woolf (London,

25. sijenja 1882. - rijeka
Ouse kod Rodmella, 28.
oujka 1941.) engleska
je spisateljica, jedan od
kljunih autora
narativnoga modernizma
i osnivaica feministike
knjievne kritike.

When, however, one reads of a witch being ducked, of

a woman possessed by devils, of a wise woman selling
herbs, or even of a very remarkable man who had a
mother, then I think we are on the track of a lost
novelist, a suppressed poet, of some mute and
inglorious Jane Austen, some Emily Bronte who dashed
her brains out on the moor or mopped and mowed
about the highways crazed with the torture that her
gift had put her to. Indeed, I would venture to guess
that Anon, who wrote so many poems without signing
them, was often a woman.

Anything may happen when womanhood has ceased

to be a protected occupation.

Anon, who wrote so many poems without signing

them, was often a woman.

Lock up your libraries if you like; but there is no gate,

no lock, no bolt that you can set upon the freedom of
my mind.

If we face the fact, for it is a fact, that there is no arm

to cling to, but that we go alone and that our relation
is to the world of reality and not only to the world of
men and women...

Simone de Beauvoir
(Pariz, 9. sijenja 1908. - Pariz, 14.
travnja 1986.), francuska knjievnica
i filozofkinja.
Svojim zalaganjem za emancipaciju
ene i nekonformistikim duhom
zauzela je istaknuto mjesto u
francuskom egzistencijalizmu
ljeviarske orijentacije. Njezini
filozofski eseji nastali su pod
znatnim utjecajem Sartrovih
shvaanja, kojem je bila ivotna
suputnica, ali se u svojim
uspomenama, putopisima i
romanima predstavila kao
nepristran, hladni promatra i
moralno angairani sudionik u
drutvenim i politikim zbivanjima
svoga vremena. Meu
svjedoanstvima i autobiografskim
zapisima Simone de Beauvoir istiu
se "Uspomene dobro odgojene
djevojke" i krai roman "Veoma
blaga smrt" u kojem je krajnje
realistiki prikazala posljednje
trenutke u ivotu svoje majke.

ena se ne raa,
enom se postaje.

The

body is not a thing, it is a situation:

it is our grasp on the world and our
sketch of our project
Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex

Katherine Murray
Millett je amerika
feministkinja,
teoretiarka,
aktivistkinja i
umjetnica, roena 14.
rujna 1934. u St.
Paulu, Minnesoti.

Millett ve 1956. stjee

bakalaureat iz drutvenih i
humanistikih znanosti na
Sveuilitu u Minnesoti, a dvije
godine kasnije i magisterij na
koledu St. Hilda u Oxfordu.
Nakon to je kratko predavala
engleski jezik na Sveuilitu u
Sjevernoj Karolini, odlazi u New
York kako bi nastavila svoju
umjetniku karijeru. Ipak, 1961.
seli se u Tokio gdje na
Sveuilitu Waseda predaje
engleski jezik i paralelno studira
kiparstvo. Do kraja 1965. Njezina
teza, objavljena iste godine pod
naslovom 'Spolna politika', ne
samo da joj je donijela
akademsku titulu, ve je preko
noi postala svjetskim

 PRVA FAZA :1830-1930, potinjavanja ene u patrijarhatu,

prisiljavajui drutvo da pristupi radikalnim izmjenama
zakonodavstva: tokom tog perioda enama je priznato pravo i
na obrazovanje i na zaposlenje, kao i pravo glasa.
DRUGA FAZA: u periodu izmeu 1930. i 1960., feminizam se
morao povui pred estokom reakcijom proponenata
patrijarhalne ideologije. Kate Millett nije prihvatila psihoanalizu,
ve je optuila Freuda i njegove sljedbenike. Ustvrdivi da
enska drutvena ili seksualna frustracija ima bioloki uzrok
(penis envy), Freud je u stvari osudio enu na njenu sudbinu:
svaka njena ambicija u mukom svijetu je uzaludna, jer je
biologija predodredila njen poloaj u tom svijetu.
TREA FAZA : koja je, po Millettovoj, poela krajem ezdesetih
godina, konano je izvedena seksualna revolucija, koja je
nagovijestila ukupnu preobrazbu zapadnog drutva. U kasnijim
svojim radovima Millettova je napustila apstraktni teorijski jezik
Spolne politike i vie se posvetila konkretnim pitanjima koja su
proisticala iz njenog ivotnog iskustva.

Vision and Difference: Feminism,

Femininity and Histories of Art
- Griselda Pollock

The acceptance of woman as object

of the desiring male gaze in the
visual arts is so universal that for a
woman to question or draw attention
to this fact is to invite derision, to
reveal herself as one who does not
understand the sophisticated
strategies of high culture and takes
art "too literally," and is therefore
unable to respond to aesthetic
discourses. This is of course
maintained within a world - a cultural
and academic world - which is
dominated by male power and, often
unconscious, patriarchal attitudes. In
Utopia - that is to say, in a world in
which the power structure was such
that both men and women equally
could be represented clothed or
unclothed in a variety of poses and
positions without any subconscious
implications of dominance or
submission - in a world of total and,
so to speak, unconscious equality,
the female nude would not be
problematic. In our world, it is.
Linda Nochlin

Feministik
a umjetnost

Lucy Lippard je
amerika povijesniarka
umjetnosti, spisateljica
i kritiarka.
Roena je 1937 u New
Yorku.