Aos Metamaterial 29-10-2010 WeeklySeminar

Photonics in Engineering
Metamaterials
Aos Al-waidh
Photonics in Engineering Research Group
General Engineering Research Institute
Liverpool John Moores University
GROUP
E-mail: A.M.Al-Waidh@2009.ljmu.ac.uk
GROUP
Outlines
Introduction to metamaterials
Classification of materials
Photonic Crystal
Realisation of Metamaterials
Unit Cell Size
Metamaterial Application
Cloaking
Conclusions
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Introduction To Metamaterials
Metamaterials are periodic or quasi-periodic, subwavelength metal structures. The electro-magnetic
material properties are derived from its structure
rather than inheriting them directly from its material
composition.
empty
glass
regular water, n
= 1.3
Based on definition of J.Pendry 2000
negative water, n =
-1.3
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Introduction To Metamaterials
This term is particularly used when the resulting
material has properties that are not found in
naturally formed substances as indicated by the
prefix meta.
Positive refraction index
Negative refraction index
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Yes as a backward wave

1
ENERGY
PHASE
VELOCITY
Air
Material
Metamaterial
like glass
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OR
(, +)
Evanescent
Metals
(UV Optical)
Propagating
Metamaterials
Negative
Backward
Waves
Phase
(, )
(+, +)
Forward
Propagating Positive
Waves
Standard optical Phase
materials
1
n<1
Evanescent
Natural magnetic
materials
(up to GHz)
(+, )
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ABSORPTION
(ENG)
< 0, >
0
Plasma
(DNG)
< 0, <
0
Not found in
NEGATIVE
nature
REFRACTION!!
n ()()
POSITIVE
REFRACTION
(DPS)
Dielectrics
(MNG) > 0, <
0
Gyrotropic
ABSORPTION
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ENG DPSCloak
DNG
MNG
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Realisation of Metamaterials
Negative
Thin metallic wires are arranged periodically
Effective permittivity takes negative values below plasma
frequency
Negative
An array of split-ring resonators (SRRs) are arranged
periodically
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Embedding a metal split-ring and

of Metamaterials
a Realisation
metal rod creates
lefthandedness
ISRR
Hx
IROD
Magnetic
resonance
(Negative )
y
Ey
Electric
resonance
x (Negative )
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Photonic Crystal
Another example of composite material
with negative refraction index is the
photonic crystal:
Photonic crystals may behave as if they
possess a negative refractive effect
without actually having a negative
refractive index. Additionally, and are
not defined for photonic crystals as they
are not homogeneous systems at their
operational wavelength.
vs. a
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0
a <<<
Effective
medium
description
using
Maxwell
equations with
and
Example:
Metamaterials
a >>
Properties
determined
by diffraction and
Interference
Example:
Photonics
crystals
/a
Properties
described
using geometrical
optic and ray
tracing Example:
Lens system
Shadows
The right hand rule
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Not this
one
0, 0

E, H , k
The left hand rule !
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Not
0, one
0 then E , H , k is a left set
If this
of vectors:
Unit Cell Size
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a
A simple calculation
can be carried out to
verify the UV laser
capability to create the
required size.
Mostly the open ring
resonator can be
considered as an LC
circuit where the
capacitance can
described by the usual
textbook formula.
a
w
schematics of the elementary
cell.
Unit Cell Size

a
For a large capacitor with
the separation between the
plates is small compared to
the dimensions of the
plates, to ensure a uniform w
distribution of the field
over plates area:
C plate area/distance
And the inductance by

the formula for a coil with
N windings:
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L coil area/length (for

N = 1)
w
cell.
Unit Cell Size
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a
For simplicity, we can
consider the width of the
metal is equal to the
distance between the
capacitor plates (a)
C = oc ad/a where:
c = the effective
permittivity of the
material in between the
plates and
d= the metal thickness
L = o w2/d
where:
W= width = length of the
coil
a
w
cell.
Unit Cell Size

a
LC = 1/ Lc
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1
Where c =
0 0
1 c
w c
And the LC-resonance

wavelength
2c
LC-resonance frequency:
LC
LC =
2w c
a
w
cell.
Unit Cell Size
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For relevant
parameters c 3.5
this yield LC 10 w.
Thus, for microwave
wavelength of 10
mm, the linear
dimension of the coil
would need to be on the
order of w = 1 mm,
implying minimum
feature sizes around
200.
a
w
cell.
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Metamaterial
Application
Negative phase velocity, reversal of Doppler
Effect and Backward Cerenkov radiation are
interesting novel physical properties emerging
from left-handed metamaterials phenomena.
The Perfect Lens
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Metamaterial
Application
Cloaking device
Can
borrow
your cloak to get my PhD ?
Is itIreal,
how?
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Cloaking device
Its not that simple
No tricks
No
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Cloaking device
Another
approach
Retro-reflective
Projection Technology,
virtual
invisibility
Optical Camouflage
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Cloaking device
What
we are locking for ?
True invisibility
We need to manipulate
space
To be realised by
creating a new material
The idea is to create a region
that is inaccessible
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Hole in space
yy 6
Constant x:
Constant y:
2
0
-2
-4
-6
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Forbidden:
-6
-4
-2
xx
Purely
geometrical
distortion of
space:
No material
yet
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Realisation
Transformation of a region
Preserve form of Maxwells equations
Predict form of permittivity and

permeability to use in the original frame
for cloaking
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The cloak
Fill the original empty space with this

material
Now we have a
cloaking device
A 3D Possibility
LIGHT
SOURCE
OBJECT
LIGHT
RAYS
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METAMATERIAL
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Conclusions
Meta-materials have been shown to have
remarkable applications
LHM s and negative materials can be used to
overcome diffraction limit and construct a
super-lens
A super-lens enables ultra-deep sub-surface
imaging
Very new field, lots of work to do (theory and
experiments)
GROUP
Thanks for your

attention.

Aos Metamaterial 29-10-2010 WeeklySeminar

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Photonics in Engineering

Positive refraction index

Negative refraction index

Yes as a backward wave

Embedding a metal split-ring and

The right hand rule

The left hand rule !

Unit Cell Size

Unit Cell Size

And the inductance by

L coil area/length (for

Unit Cell Size

Unit Cell Size

And the LC-resonance

Unit Cell Size

The Perfect Lens

Preserve form of Maxwells equations

Predict form of permittivity and

Fill the original empty space with this

Thanks for your

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