Electrnica III

Clase 04

II Trmino 2011

Agenda:
Filtros de 2do Orden
Filtros Sallen-Key

Filtro Pasa Bajas

Filtro Pasa Altas

Filtros de 2do Orden

There are two topologies for a second-order filter,

the Sallen-Key and the Multiple Feedback (MFB)

topology.

Low-Pass Filter
G (s)

A0

A0 : Band pass gain

s s

1
0 0
G

0 : Critical frequency
: Damping coefficient
: Normalizad frequency

A0

2 2

Arc tan
1 2

2 2

Damping (Amortiguamiento)

Effects of the Damping Coefficient

Effects of the Damping Coefficient

Ao may be different
F-3db does not equal fo
Transient response varies widely
fo is constant

Butterworth Low-Pass Filters

The Butterworth low-pass filter provides maximum

passband flatness. Therefore, a Butterworth low-pass

is often used as anti-aliasing filter in data converter
applications where precise signal levels are required
across the entire passband.

Chebyshev Low-Pass Filters

The Chebyshev low-pass filters provide an even

higher gain rolloff above f0. However, the passband

gain is not monotone, but contains ripples of constant
magnitude instead. For a given filter order, the higher
the passband ripples, the higher the filters rolloff.

Chebyshev Low-Pass Filters

(cont.)
With increasing filter order, the influence of the ripple

magnitude on the filter rolloff diminishes. Each ripple

accounts for one second-order filter stage. Filters
with even order numbers generate ripples above the
0-dB line, while filters with odd order numbers create
ripples below 0 dB. Chebyshev filters are often used
in filter banks, where the frequency content of a
signal is of more importance than a constant
amplification.

Bessel Low-Pass Filters

The Bessel low-pass filters have a linear phase response

over a wide frequency range, which results in a constant

group delay in that frequency range. Bessel low-pass filters,
therefore, provide an optimum square-wave transmission
behavior. However, the passband gain of a Bessel low-pass
filter is not flat and the transition from passband to stopband
is not sharp.

Comparison

General Sallen-Key Low-Pass

Filter
R4
Ao 1
R3

A0
G (s)
1 C1 R1 R2 1 A0 R1C2 s R1 R2C1C2 s 2

Unity-Gain Sallen-Key Low-Pass

Filter
To simplify the circuit design, it is common to choose

unity-gain (A0 = 1), and R1 = R2 = R.

Ao 1

1
G(s)
1 2 RC1s R 2C1C2 s 2

1
fo
2R C1C2
2

C1
C2

Unity-Gain

Unity-Gain

Example 7-3 from Textbook

Design a filter using the Sallen-Key unity gain

low pass active filter to meet the following

specifications:
Rolloff rate: 40 dB/dec
Critical frequency: 2 kHz
Pass band as flat as possible
Gain of 5 at DC

Equal-Component Sallen-Key
Low-Pass Filter
A special case of the general Sallen-Key

topology is the application of equal resistor

values and equal capacitor values: R1 = R2 =
R and C1 = C2 = C.

A0
G ( s)
1 RC 3 A0 s R 2C 2 s 2

1
fo
2RC

3 Ao

Equal Component

Equal Component

Example 7-5 from Textbook

Design a filter using the Sallen-Key equal

component low pass active filter to meet the

following specifications:
Rolloff rate: 40 dB/dec
Critical frequency: 2 kHz
Pass band as flat as possible
Gain of 5 at DC

Frequency Correction Factor

f 3dB klp f 0

Ejercicio:
The task is to design a second order equal

component Chebyshev low pass active filter

with a frequency f-3dB = 3 kHz and a 3dB
passband ripple.

High-Pass Filter

High-Pass Filter (cont.)

G (s)

A : Band pass gain

A
0
1
s
G

0 : Critical frequency
: Damping coefficient
: Normalizad frequency

0

s

A 2

2 2

Arc tan
1 2

The general Sallen-Key topology

R4
A00 1
R3

A
G(s)
R2 C1 C2 R1C2 1 A 1
1
1
1

2
R1 R2C1C2
s R1 R2C1C2 s

Unity-Gain Sallen-Key High-Pass

Filter

A 1

1
G(s)

C1 C2 1
1
1
1
2
2
RC1C2 s R C1C2 s

1
fo
2R C1C2

C1
C2

C2
C1

Equal-Component Sallen-Key
High-Pass Filter
R1 R2 R
C1 C2 C
A
G(s)
3 A 1
1
1
1
2 2 2
RC s R C s

Khp
fo
2 RC

3 A

Frequency Correction Factor

f 3dB k hp f 0
1
k hp
klp

Example 7-9 from Textbook

For an equal component high pass active

filter whose components are listed below,

calculate the -3dB frequency, filter type and
pass band gain.
R = 10k
C = 0.1F
R4 = 5.8k
R3 = 10k

Gain-Bandwith product for a 741 is 1MHz.