OUTLI

NE
Fundamen
tal Terms
of Electric
and
Magnetic
Field

Types of
Vector
Fields

Electromagnetic Computation
in Power System Engineering
Khairina Noor Astuti (23214309)
Field
Flux and Density of Vector Field
Constitutive Relations

Electric Source Field

Electric and Magnetic Vortex Fields
General Vector Fields

OUTLI
NE
Fundamen
tal Terms
of Electric
and
Magnetic
Field

Field

Function that has different value at every point in

space.
A finite or infinite set whose elements are assigned
unique value of a certain quantity. Eg: point
continuum of the
Euclidian Space
Represented
as SCALAR
Mass, water volume,
FIELD

temperature

OUTLI
NE
Fundamen
tal Terms
of Electric
and
Magnetic
Field

Field

Temperature of earths surface

T (r , , ) T0 T1 sin 2 T2 1 sin e r R

OUTLI
NE
Fundamen
tal Terms
of Electric
and
Magnetic
Field

Field

Represented as VECTOR FIELD

^

Velocity, momentum, force, etc

^

F ( x, y, z ) Fx ( x, y, z ) i Fy ( x, y, z ) j Fz ( x, y, z ) k

UNIT VECTORS

OUTLI
NE
Fundamen
tal Terms
of Electric
and
Magnetic
Field

Flux and Density of Vector Field

Electric field exists betweem

parallel plate capacitor with
area A /S

C.Ve

V AB

OUTLI
NE

Flux and Density of Vector Field

Fundamen
tal Terms
of Electric
and
Magnetic
Field

Inside capacitor exists electric

field strength E

Ve

Uniform
Contour

S
Ve
Ve S
SE
d
d

Ununiform
Contour

OUTLI
NE
Fundamen
tal Terms
of Electric
and
Magnetic
Field

Flux and Density of Vector Field

Magnetic field
strength :
H VM

Magnetic field exists when the plates

represents the pole of permanent magnet
of the magnetic gap between stator and
rotor

P.Vm

P L

OUTLI
NE
Fundamen
tal Terms
of Electric
and
Magnetic
Field

Flux and Density of Vector Field

Ununiform Contour

H VM

Uniform
Contour

OUTLI
NE
Fundamen
tal Terms
of Electric
and
Magnetic
Field

`
Flux and Density of Vector Field

If the volume between both plates is filled with

conductance and connected to constan
voltage, electrical current is observed:

I G.Ve

Flux line is a scalar field but flux density is a vector field.

Direction D is diretion of the flux line at that point. Magnitude
is the number of flux lines crossing a surface divided by S.

Flux density is measured in coulombs per square meter

(D)

Electric density for

Uniform field
Electric density for
nonuniform field

d
dS

OUTLI
NE
Fundamen
tal Terms
of Electric
and
Magnetic
Field

Flux and Density of Vector Field

Electric density for

Uniform field

OUTLI
NE
Fundamen
tal Terms
of Electric
and
Magnetic
Field

Flux and Density of Vector Field

Electric density for non

uniform field

d
dS

OUTLI
NE
Fundamen
tal Terms
of Electric
and
Magnetic
Field

Flux and Density of Vector Field

At any point P , D make an angle ,
so the the value of flux =

DS cos

D
S cos
and

d
D
dS cos
Multiply those scalar D by the unit
vector nD

d
D
nD and D
nD
S cos
dS cos

OUTLI
NE
Fundamen
tal Terms
of Electric
and
Magnetic
Field

Flux and Density of Vector Field

Faradays experiment :

Q(coulombs )

Flux density in a radial direction has value

Q ^
D
ar
2
4a
Q ^
D
ar
2
4b
Q ^
D
ar
2
4r

Inner space
Outter space
a r b

OUTLI
NE
Fundamen
tal Terms
of Electric
and
Magnetic
Field

Flux and Density of Vector Field

From the given flux density and area,flux can be calculated
any time by means of surface integral

D.dS
S

d
B
nB and B
nB
S cos
dS cos

I
J
nJ
S cos

and

^
d
J
nJ
dS cos

B.dS
S

I J .dS
S

OUTLI
NE
Fundamen
tal Terms
of Electric
and
Magnetic
Field

Constitutive Relations
The electric magnetic flux density, D, B are related to the
field intensities E, H, so called CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS

In vacuum condition, they take their simplest

form :
12

D oE

o 8,854 10

Farad/m

B o H

o 4 10 7

henry/m

For simple homogeneous isotropic dielectric and

for magnetic materials:

D E

B H
J E

o (1 )
o (1 m )

OUTLI
NE
Fundamen
tal Terms
of Electric
and
Magnetic
Field

Constitutive Relations

In many interface
problems, there are no
externally applied
surface on the
boundary, so the
boundary conditions
may be stated as

2
E2 n
1

H1n 2 H 2 n
1

E1n 2 E2 n
1
E1n

D1n D2n
B1n B2 n
J1n J 2 n

(source-free
boundary
condition)

The field strength depends on its conductivity.

Material with the least permittivity suffer the highest electric stress

In general, for electric, magnetic , and conduction

field ,

OUTLI
NE
Fundamen
tal Terms
of Electric
and
Magnetic
Field

Constitutive Relations

OUTLI
NE

Types of
Vector
Fields

VECTOR FIELD is a region of space under the influence

of some vector quantity, such as magnetic field or
electric field strength, in which the quantity takes a
unique vector value at every point of the region.
Classified
as
SOURCE FIELD
The field lines possess
starting and
terminating point

VORTEX FIELD
a mass of energy that
moves in a rotary or
whirling motion, causing a
depression or vacuum at
the center

OUTLI
NE

Types of
Vector
Fields

Electric Source Field

Electric source fields exist in the environment of electric
charges at rest (electrostatic charges, fixed or localized charges)

Pure space
charge

Boundary
value
problem

OUTLI
NE

Types of
Vector
Fields

Electric Vortex Fields

Electric vortex exist in the environment of a timevarying magnetic flux

OUTLI
NE

Types of
Vector
Fields

Magnetic Vortex Field

Magnetic vortex fields exist in the environment of a time-varying or
constant current flux
Direction of magnetic field lines always follow the right hand rule

OUTLI
NE

Types of
Vector
Fields

General Vector Fields

In general, a vector field, e.g. E(x,y,z), can be

composed of both a source field and a vortex field

E(x,y,z) = ES(x,y,z) + EV(x,y,z)

s = source
v = vortex
An arbitrary vector field is uniquely specified only if its
sources and vortices can be identified, in other words,
if its source density and vortex density are given

REFERENCES
Schwab, Adolf J. Field Theory Concepts.
1988. Germany: Springer Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg New York.
Orfanidis, Sophocles J. Electromagnetic
Waves and Antennas.2008. New Jersey :
ECE Department, Rutgers University.
Hayt,
William
H.
Engineering
Electromagnetic.2001. New York: McGrawHill Publishing Co.
www. wikipedia.org