POWER QUALITY ISSUE AND SMART

GRID

SUBMITTWD BY
SUBMITTED TO
SUBHASH KUMAR
MRS. JAIMALA GAMBHIR
ME ELECTRICAL
13206022

What is Power quality ?

Definition-Power quality problem is any power problem
manifested in voltage, current, or frequency deviation that
results in failure or mal-operation of customer equipment.
If electrical equipment operates correctly and reliably without
being damaged or stressed, we can say that the electrical
power is of good quality.
When power quality is affected we may notice a brief
interruption of power such as the blinking of your computer or
dimming of your lights

Power quality can be simply defined as

shown in the interaction diagram.
Electrical Grid
Utility
Voltage Sags
Voltage Swells

Voltage
Quality

Blackouts/Brownouts
Current
Transient
Quality

Nonlinear Loads
Industrial/Commercial/Residential
Consumers

Power
Quality

Why are we concerned about PQ

North American industries lose Tens-of-Billions of Dollars
every year in downtime due to power quality problems.
Load nonlinearities in rising and is expected to reach 50 to
70% in the year 2005 [Computers, UPS, fax machines,
printers, fluorescent lighting, industrial rectifiers, DC drives,
etc).
The characteristics of the electric loads have changed.
Harmonics are continuous problem not transient or
intermittent.

Power Quality Issue and Problems

Power Quality issues can be roughly broken into a number of
sub-categories:

Harmonics (sub, super and inter harmonics).

Voltage swells, sags, fluctuations, flicker, and transients

Voltage magnitude and frequency deviation, voltage imbalance

(3 phase system)

Hot grounding loops and ground potential rise (GPR)Safety

& Fire Hazards

Monitoring and measurement.

Power quality relates with

According to this approach power quality may be co-related
with four topics:

Voltage
Frequency
Harmonic distortion
Power factor

Power Quality & Voltage

The impact of voltage variations is to cause higher energy

consumption.
increased current causes increase in IR losses of the
network. For ex: a 20% drop in voltage would increase the
losses in the network by 56%
Drop in efficiency of motors - characteristics of motors are
such that a drop in voltage will mean a higher energy
consumption to do the same job

Power Quality & Frequency

variations can occur, due to the load levels on the

electricity supply system
a highly overloaded power system will experience a drop
in frequency.
Mismatch in different section of a grid can cause power
quality and power supply problems particularly, when it is
important to have an integrated and interconnected grid.

Power Quality & Harmonics

due to feedback of harmonic currents from non linear loads
is a form of electrical pollution on the network
The presence of harmonic distortion has a significant
impact in increasing energy consumption.
high losses increased temperature - faster ageing of the
insulation
increased IR losses depends on skin effect - the
phenomenon causes over heating - increasing the amount
of energy consumption
Allowable limit of voltage harmonic (5%) & current
harmonic (10%)

Power Quality & Power Factor

Power factor

measured as a ratio of active energy to apparent energy

over a specified time period
ideal power factor is unity - cannot be achieved due to the
nature of loads used e.g. inductive & nonlinear loads
lower power factor means more current drawn for the
same load - causes increase in apparent power demand,
i.e., kVA demand & increases IR losses
more system capacity is needed to supply the same load
lower power factor results in higher energy consumption
lowering of power factor also causes voltage drop

Wind energy generating system

WIND ENERGY SYSTEM

The power quality problems are generally complex and
difficult to detect when we integrate a wind turbine to the grid.
The ideal AC line supply by the utility system should be a
pure sine wave of fundamental frequency(50/60Hz) otherwise
that the lack of quality power can cause loss of production,
damage of equipment or appliances.
Devices like STATCOM can be effectively utilized to
improve the quality of power supplied to the customers.
Wind turbine connected to a Grid consisting of Distribution
generation and STATCOM with Back Up energy storage.
The FACTS Device (STATCOM) control scheme for the grid
connected wind energy generation system to improve the
power quality

Cont..
Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the
power quality. The performance of the wind turbine and
thereby power quality are determined on the basis of
measurements and the norms followed according to the
guidelines specified in International Electro-technical
Commission Standard.
The influence of the Wind turbine in the Grid system
concerning the Power Quality measurements are measured
according to National/International Guidelines.
Here Static Compensator (STATCOM) is connected at a Point
of Common Coupling (PCC) with a Battery Energy Storage
System (BESS) to Reduce the Power Quality issues. The
Battery Energy Storage is integrated to sustain the Real Power
Source under fluctuating Wind Power.

FACTs
It is a system composed of static equipment
Used to enhance controllability and increase power transfer
capability

STATCOM
It is a regulating device used on AC transmission network.
It is based on voltage based converter.
It acts either capacitive or
inductive mode.

Battery energy storage system

It is used for voltage regulation
It can be used to level the power fluctuation by charging and
discharging operation.
It rapidly inject(or) absorb reactive power to stabilize the grid
system.

Control scheme
It is based on injecting the current into the grid bang bang
controller.
The controller uses a hysteresis current controlled technique.
The controller keeps the control system variable between
boundary of hysteresis area.
It gives correct switching signals for STATCOM operation.

SMART GIRD INTEGRATION

A smart grid distribution system , whose objective is to develop a
power grid more efficient and reliable, improving safety and quality
of supply in accordance with the requirements of the digital age.
A huge number of recent events have created a new environment in
the interconnection of electric power system.
There is a public awareness of the environmental impacts of electric
power generation, rapid increases in electric power demand ,
Significant advances in several generation technologies such as
wind-electric generation, micro-turbines, fuel cells, and photovoltaic than conventional coal, oil, and gas-fired plant.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides
a conceptual model as shown in next slide.

MODEL OF SMART GRID INTEGRATION

SMART GRID TOPOLOGY FOR POWER

QUALITY
IMPROVEMENT
The Smart grid topology for power quality improvement is based
current control voltage source inverter , which injects the current
into the grid in such a way that the source current are harmonic free
and their phase-angle with respect to source voltage has a desired
value.
The injected current will cancel out the reactive part and harmonic
part of the load and induction generator current ,thus it improves the
power factor and the power quality.
To accomplish these goals, the grid voltages are sensed and are
synchronized in generating the current command for the inverter.
The proposed smart grid connected system is implemented for
power quality improvement at point of common coupling (PCC).

Grid topology for Power Quality

Improvement
The system consist of primary control and secondary.

CONTROL TECHNIQUE
Primary control: It consist of power electronics converter which can
absorb or supply the active and reactive into the grid. The control
allows the sharing of power between the power converter and to the
grid. The use of these power converter has distinct benefit in the grid
operation. The grid voltage control, harmonic reductions and inphase operation are the power quality benefit that can be gain
without excessive compromise.
Secondary control: It regulates the electrical parameter inside the
grid by using a central controller with communications to each
individual control and sends the output of its regulation through a
communication system. Furthermore, the secondary control takes
care of synchronization with network.

Conclusion
STATCOM has the capability to cancel out the harmonic part of the load
current.
STATCOM maintain the source voltage and current in phase and support the
reactive power demand for the wind generator and load.
The smart grid system are complex with large number of diverse component
connected a vast and geographically extended system and point out in the
model.
Primary control consists of power converter and is operated as current control
in the grid system so as to achieve power quality and distortion free at PCC.
The power control scheme with hysteresis current controller of power
converter is presented

REFERENCES
[1] A.M.Sharaf and Liang Zhao, A Novel Voltage Stabilization Scheme
for Standalone Wind Energy Using a Facts Dual Switching Universal
Power Stabilization Scheme, 2005
[2] M.S. El-Moursi and Adel M. Sharaf, 'Novel STATCOM controller for
voltage stabilization of wind energy scheme', Int. J. Global Energy
Issues, 2006.
[3] A. M. Sharaf and Guosheng Wang, Wind Energy System Voltage and
Energy Enhancement Using Low Cost Dynamic Capacitor
Compensation Scheme, 2004.
[4] A.M. Sharaf and Liang Yang, 'A Novel Efficient Stand-Alone
Photovoltaic DC Village Electricity Scheme, 2005

CONT..

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Cont..

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