ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS

JEL2103

Chapter 1:

undamental Semiconductor
hysics

Muhammad Shahrizan
shahrizan@insaniah.edu.my

CONTENT
Class Introduction
Resistivity and Conductivity
Metals
Semiconductors
Inductors

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors

Electrical Conduction
Drift and Diffusion
Carrier lifetime and mobility: The continuity
equations

Class Introduction

Class Introduction
Total of 6 chapters
From the assessment method, we
can conclude that this course is a
theoretical based course
40% of the total marks come from the
carry marks or practical

Twice a week class consist of theory

class and tutorial

Class Introduction
Textbook: Electronic Devices
'Conventional Current' 9th Edition by
Thomas L. Floyd
Questions come from the textbook
Assignment
Test
Final

Notes will also come from the textbook

with extra additional info from the net

Class Introduction
E-learning based education will be applied
Register at: http://elearning.arznhobby.com
Resources, tasks, and announcement will be
posted and uploaded there
Planning to do online assessment too
Online test
Online quizzes
Online assignment

So, always login and visit the elearning

portal

Resistivity and Conductivity

All matter is composed of atoms which consist of
electrons, protons, and neutrons (except normal
hydrogen)
At first, it was thought that
atom is a tiny indivisible
sphere but later shown that
atom was not a single particle
but was made up of a small
dense nucleus around which
electrons orbit at great distance
from nucleus.

Resistivity and Conductivity

Niels Bohr proposed that the electrons in an
atom circle the nucleus in different orbits,
similar to the way planet orbit the sun
This model often referred as planetary model
It also known as quantum model but this
model are hard to visualize
For most practical purpose in electronics, the
Bohr model suffices and is commonly used
because it is easy to visualize (planet
orbiting sun)

Resistivity and Conductivity

Bohr model of an atom is not a complete model, thus
quantum model need to be used
In quantum model, electron does not exist in precise
circular orbits as particles
Theories of quantum model:
Wave-particle duality: electron are thought to exhibit a dual
characteristic (wave and particle (photon)). Velocity of
orbiting electron is considered to be its wavelength
Uncertain principle: wave is characterized by peaks and
valleys thus electron that act as waves cannot be precisely
identified in term of their position resulting a concept of
atom with probability clouds (math descriptions of where
electrons in an atom are most likely to be located)

Resistivity and Conductivity

In quantum model, each shell or
energy level consist of up to four
subshells called orbitals, which are
designated
s,
p,
d,
and
f
Notatio
Explanation
Maximum
Orbital

electron

10

14

1s2
2s2 2p3

2 electron in shell 1, orbital

s
5 electron in shell 2: 2 in
Example table of configuration table of
orbital s, 3 in orbital p
Nitrogen atom

Resistivity and Conductivity

Example: Using the atomic number
from the periodic table, describe
Silicon (Si) atom using an electron
configuration table.
Solution??

Resistivity and Conductivity

Example: Using the atomic number
from the periodic table, describe
Silicon (Si) atom using an electron
configuration table.
Solution??

Resistivity and Conductivity

Materials can be classified into three groups:
Conductors
Semiconductors
Insulators

When atoms combine to form solid and crystalline material,

they arrange themselves in a symmetrical pattern
Atom in crystal structure are held by
covalent bonds
The bonds are created by the
interaction of the valence electrons
of the atoms
Example of crystalline material is Silicon

Resistivity and Conductivity

Atoms contribute to the electrical properties
of a material including its ability to conduct
electrical current
Insulators: Materials that does not conduct
electrical current under normal conditions
Conductors: Materials that easily conducts
electrical current. Metals are good conductors
Semiconductors: Material that is between
conductors and insulators in its ability to
conduct electrical current

Resistivity and Conductivity

Semiconductor in its pure (intrinsic) state is
neither a good conductor nor a good
insulator
When electron acquires enough additional
energy, it can leave the valence shell and
become free electron and exist in what is
known as the conduction band
The difference in energy between valence
band and the conduction band is called
energy gap or band gap

Resistivity and Conductivity

Resistivity and Conductivity

Order of conductivity:
Superconductors
>
conductors
semiconductors > insulators

>