PRESENTATION

ON

TRANSFORMER

SRI SATYA SAI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SEHORE (M.P.)
GUIDED BY
Mr. Rakesh Sir
Mr. Jitendra Sir

SUBMMITED BY
GAYATRI MALVIYA
B.E. (EC ) VIth Sem.
Roll no. 0109EC111029

UNIT - II
TRANSFORMERS

Chetan Upadhyay
Chetan Upadhyay

Introduction

A transformer is a static machines.

The word transformer comes form the word transform.
Transformer is not an energy conversion device, but is a device that
changes AC electrical power at one voltage level into AC electrical
power at another voltage level through the action of magnetic field,
without a change in frequency.
It can be either to step-up or step down.
Transmission
System
TX1

TX1

Generation
Station
33/13.5k
V

13.5/6.6kV

Distribution
s

TX1

TX1

6.6kV/415
V

Consumer

Chetan Upadhyay

Transformer Construction
Two types of iron-core construction:
a)Core - type construction
b)Shell - type construction
Core

- type construction

Chetan Upadhyay

Transformer Construction
Shell

- type construction

Chetan Upadhyay

Ideal Transformer
An

ideal transformer is a transformer which has no

loses, i.e. its winding has no ohmic resistance, no
magnetic leakage, and therefore no I2 R and core loses.
However, it is impossible to realize such a transformer
in practice.
Yet, the approximate characteristic of ideal transformer
will be used in characterized the practical transformer.
N1 : N2
I1
V1

I2
E1

E2

V2

V1 Primary Voltage
V2 Secondary Voltage
E1 Primary induced Voltage
E2 secondary induced Voltage
N1:N2 Transformer ratio
Chetan Upadhyay

Transformer Equation
Faradays

Law states that,

If the flux passes through a coil of wire, a voltage

will be induced in the turns of wire. This voltage
is directly proportional to the rate of change in
the fluxdwith
(t ) respect of time.

Vind Emf ind

dt
Lenzs Law

If we have N turns of wire,

d (t )
Vind Emf ind N
dt
Chetan Upadhyay

MZS
FKEE, UMP

Transformer Equation
For

an ac sources,

Let V(t) = Vm sint

i(t) = im sint
Since the flux is a sinusoidal function;
(t ) m sin t

Then:
d m sin t
Therefore:
Vind Emf ind N
dt
N m cos t

Vind Emf ind (max) N m 2fN m

Thus:

Emf ind ( rms )

N m 2fN m

4.44 fN m
2MZS
2
Chetan Upadhyay
FKEE, UMP

Transformer Equation

For an ideal transformer

E1 4.44 fN1 m

E2 4.44 fN 2 m

(i)

In the equilibrium condition, both the input power will be equaled

to the output power, and this condition is said to ideal condition
of a transformer.
power
output power

Input
V1 I1 cos V2 I 2 cos

V1 I 2

V2 I1

From the ideal transformer circuit, note that,

Hence, substitute in (i)

E1 V1 and E2 V2

Chetan Upadhyay

MZS

FKEE, UMP

Transformer Equation
Therefore ,

E1 N1 I 2

a
E 2 N 2 I1

Where, a is the Voltage Transformation Ratio; which will

determine whether the transformer is going to be step-up
or step-down
For a >1

E1 > E 2

For a <1

E1 < E 2
Chetan Upadhyay

MZS
FKEE, UMP

Transformer Rating
Transformer

rating is normally written in terms

of Apparent Power.
Apparent power is actually the product of its
rated current and rated voltage.

VA V1 I1 V2 I 2

Where,
I1 and I2 = rated current on primary and secondary winding.

V1 and V2 = rated voltage on primary and secondary winding.

Rated currents are actually the full load currents in

transformer
Chetan Upadhyay

MZS
FKEE, UMP

Practical Transformer (Equivalent Circuit)

I1

X1

R1

V1

I1

Io
Ic

Im

RC

Xm

V1 = primary supply voltage

V2 = 2nd terminal (load) voltage
E1 = primary winding voltage
E2 = 2

nd

winding voltage

I1 = primary supply current

I2 = 2

nd

winding current

I1 = primary winding current

Io = no load current

I2

N1: N2

E1

R2

X2

Load
E2

V1 = primary supply voltage

V2 = 2nd terminal (load) voltage
E1 = primary winding voltage
E2 = 2nd winding voltage
I1 = primary supply current
I2 = 2nd winding current
I1 = primary winding current
Io = no load current
Chetan Upadhyay

V2

Single Phase Transformer (Referred to Primary)

Actual Method

R1

I1

X1

Io

I2

Ic

Im

RC

Xm

R2

N1: N2

X2

Load

V1

E1

N1
X 2
N
2

X 2 '

N
E1 V2 1 V2
N2
'

I2 '

I2

OR

X 2 ' a2 X 2

OR V2 ' aV2

N
R2 ' 1 R2
N2

OR R2 ' a 2 R2

I2
a
Chetan Upadhyay

E2

V2

Single Phase Transformer (Referred to Primary )

Approximate Method

I1

X1

R1

R2

X2

Io

RC

I2

Im

Ic

V1

N1: N2

I2

Xm

Load
E1

E2

N1
R2
N
2

R2 '

OR R2 ' a 2 R2

N
X 2 ' 1 X 2
N2

OR

X 2 ' a2 X 2

N
'
E1 V2 1 V2
N2
I
I2 ' 2
a

OR V2 ' aV2

Chetan Upadhyay

V2

Transformer Losses

Generally, there are two types of losses;

i. Iron losses :- occur in core parameters
ii. Copper losses :- occur in winding resistance

i.

ii

Iron Losses

Piron Pc ( I c) 2 Rc Popen circuit

Copper Losses
Pcopper Pcu ( I 1) 2 R1 ( I 2) 2 R2 Pshort circuit
or if referred , Pcu ( I 1) 2 R01 ( I 2) 2 R02
Chetan Upadhyay

Transformer Efficiency
To

check the performance of the device, by

comparing the output with respect to the
input.
The higher the efficiency, the better the
Output Power
Efficiency,
100%
system.
Input Power

Pout
100%
Pout Plosses

V2 I 2 cos

100%
V2 I 2 cos Pc Pcu

Where Pcu = Psc

Pc = Poc

( full load )
(load n )

VA cos
100%
VA cos Pc Pcu

nVA cos
100%
2
nVA cos Pc n Pcu

Where, if load, hence n = ,

load, n= ,
90% of full load, n =0.9
Chetan Upadhyay

The

purpose of voltage
basically to determine the
voltage drop between no
load.
Voltage Regulation can
based on 3 methods:
a) Basic Defination
b) Short circuit Test
c) Equivalent Circuit

regulation is
percentage of
load and full
be

determine

Voltage Regulation
Chetan Upadhyay

3 single phase transformers connected together

1.Star/Delta winding arrangements
2. Easy to replace failed units
Common core device
1. Lighter and cheaper than 3 individual
units
2. 6 rather than 12 external connections
3. Whole transformer must be replaced if
single
winding fails .

For both cases analysis procedure identical!

Three Phase Transformers

Chetan Upadhyay

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